Transmitting apparatus and signal processing method thereof

ABSTRACT

A transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus are provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low density parity check (LDPC) codeword by performing LDPC encoding; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to modulate the interleaved LDPC codeword according to a modulation method to generate a modulation symbol. The interleaver includes a block interleaver formed of a plurality of columns each comprising a plurality of rows, and the block interleaver is configured to divide the plurality of columns into at least two parts and interleave the LDPC codeword.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/488,549 filedSep. 17, 2014, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 from U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/878,707 filed on Sep. 17, 2013 in theUnited States Patent and Trademark Office and Korean Patent ApplicationNo. 10-2014-0123657 filed on Sep. 17, 2014, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

Apparatuses and methods consistent with exemplary embodiments relate toa transmitting apparatus and a signal processing method thereof, andmore particularly, to a transmitting apparatus which processes data andtransmits the data, and a signal processing method thereof.

2. Description of the Related Art

In a communication/broadcasting system, link performance may greatlydeteriorate due to various noises of channels, a fading phenomenon, andan inter-symbol interference (ISI). Therefore, in order to implementhigh digital communication/broadcasting systems requiring high datathroughput and reliability, such as next-generation mobilecommunication, digital broadcasting, and portable Internet, there is ademand for a method for overcoming the noise, fading, and inter-symbolinterference. To overcome the noise, etc., research on anerror-correction code has been actively conducted in recent years as amethod for effectively restoring distorted information and enhancingreliability of communication.

The Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code which was first introduced byGallager in the 1960s has been forgotten for a long time due to itsdifficulty and complexity in realizing by the level of technology atthat time. However, as the turbo code which was suggested by Berrou,Glavieux, Thitimajshima in 1993 showed performance equivalent to thechannel capacity of Shannon, the performance and characteristics of theturbo code were actively interpreted and many researches on channelencoding based on iterative decoding and graph were conducted. Thisleaded the re-research on the LDPC code in the late 1990's and it turnedout that decoding by applying iterative decoding based on a sum-productalgorithm on a Tanner graph corresponding to the LDPC code resulted inthe performance equivalent to the channel capacity of Shannon.

When the LDPC code is transmitted by using a high order modulationscheme, performance depends on how codeword bits are mapped onto highorder modulation bits. Therefore, there is a need for a method formapping LDPC codeword bits onto high order modulation bits to obtain anLDPC code of good performance.

SUMMARY

One or more exemplary embodiments may overcome the above disadvantagesand other disadvantages not described above. However, it is understoodthat one or more exemplary embodiment are not required to overcome thedisadvantages described above, and may not overcome any of the problemsdescribed above.

One or more exemplary embodiments provide a transmitting apparatus whichcan map a bit included in a predetermined group from among a pluralityof groups of a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codeword onto apredetermined bit of a modulation symbol, and transmit the bit, and asignal processing method thereof.

According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, there is provided atransmitting apparatus including: an encoder configured to generate alow density parity check (LDPC) codeword by performing LDPC encoding; aninterleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulatorconfigured to modulate the interleaved LDPC codeword according to amodulation method to generate a modulation symbol, wherein theinterleaver includes a block interleaver formed of a plurality ofcolumns each including a plurality of rows, and wherein the blockinterleaver is configured to divide the plurality of columns into atleast two parts and interleave the LDPC codeword.

The block interleaver may be configured to divide the plurality ofcolumns into a first part and a second part, and to interleave bywriting and reading the LDPC codeword in the first part and the secondpart in a same method.

The block interleaver may be configured to interleave by writing theLDPC codeword in the plurality of columns constituting each of the firstpart and the second part in a column direction and reading the pluralityof columns constituting each of the first part and the second part inwhich the LDPC codeword is written in a row direction.

The block interleaver may be configured to divide the plurality ofcolumns into a first part and a second part based on a number of columnsconstituting the block interleaver.

In each of the plurality of columns, the first part may be formed of asmany rows as a number of bits included in at least some group which canbe written in each of the plurality of columns in group units from amonga plurality of groups constituting the LDPD codeword according to thenumber of columns constituting the block interleaver, and, in each ofthe plurality of columns, the second part may be formed of rowsexcluding as many rows as the number of bits included in the at leastsome group which can be written in each of the plurality of columns ingroup unit from rows constituting each of the plurality of columns.

The number of columns constituting the block interleaver may bedetermined according to the modulation method.

The block interleaver may be configured to interleave by writing atleast some group which can be written in each of the plurality ofcolumns in group units in each of the plurality of columns constitutingthe first part in the column direction, dividing the other groupsexcluding the at least some group from the plurality of groups andwriting the divided groups in each of the plurality of columnsconstituting the second part in the column direction, and reading bitswritten in each of the plurality of columns constituting the first partand the second in the row direction.

The block interleaver may be configured to divide the other groupsexcluding the at least some group from the plurality of groups based onthe number of columns constituting the block interleaver.

The interleaver may further include: a group interleaver configured todivide the LDPC codeword into the plurality of groups and rearrange anorder of the plurality of groups in group units, and wherein the blockinterleaver is configured to interleave the plurality of groups theorder of which has been rearranged.

The modulator may generate the modulation symbol using bits included ineach of the plurality of groups.

According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, there isprovided a method for processing a signal of a transmitting apparatus,the method including: generating an LDPC codeword by performing LDPCencoding; interleaving the LDPC codeword; and modulating the interleavedLDPC codeword according to a modulation method to generate a modulationsymbol, wherein the interleaving uses a plurality of columns eachincluding a plurality of rows, and includes dividing the plurality ofcolumns into two at least parts and interleaving the LDPC codeword.

The interleaving may include dividing the plurality of columns into afirst part and a second part, and interleaving by writing and readingthe LDPC codeword in the first part and the second part in a samemethod.

The interleaving may include interleaving by writing the LDPC codewordin the plurality of columns constituting each of the first part and thesecond part in a column direction and reading the plurality of columnsconstituting each of the first part and the second part in which theLDPC codeword is written in a row direction.

The interleaving may include dividing the plurality of columns into afirst part and a second part based on a number of columns.

In each of the plurality of columns, the first part may be formed of asmany rows as a number of bits included in at least some group which canbe written in each of the plurality of columns in group units from amonga plurality of groups constituting the LDPD codeword according to thenumber of columns, and, in each of the plurality of columns, the secondpart may be formed of rows excluding as many rows as the number of bitsincluded in the at least some group which can be written in each of theplurality of columns in group unit from rows constituting each of theplurality of columns.

The number of columns may be determined according to the modulationmethod.

The interleaving may include interleaving by writing at least some groupwhich can be written in each of the plurality of columns in group unitsin each of the plurality of columns constituting the first part in thecolumn direction, dividing the other groups excluding the at least somegroup from the plurality of groups and writing the divided groups ineach of the plurality of columns constituting the second part in thecolumn direction, and reading bits written in each of the plurality ofcolumns constituting the first part and the second in the row direction.

The interleaving may include dividing the other groups excluding the atleast some group from the plurality of groups based on the number ofcolumns.

The method may further include: dividing the LDPC codeword into theplurality of groups and rearranging an order of the plurality of groupsin group units, and the interleaving may include interleaving theplurality of groups the order of which has been rearranged.

The modulating may generate the modulation symbol using bits included ineach of the plurality of groups.

According to various exemplary embodiments described above, improveddecoding and receiving performance may be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and/or other aspects will be more apparent by describing indetail exemplary embodiments, with reference to the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of atransmitting apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 2 and 3 are views to illustrate a configuration of a parity checkmatrix according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of aninterleaver according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 5 to 7 are views illustrating a method for processing an LDPCcodeword on a group basis according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 8 to 11 are views to illustrate a configuration of a blockinterleaver and an interleaving method according to exemplaryembodiments;

FIGS. 12 and 13 are views to illustrate an operation of a demultiplexeraccording to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 14 is a view to illustrate an example of a uniform constellationmodulation method according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 15 to 19 are views to illustrate an example of a non-uniformconstellation modulation method according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of aninterleaver according to another exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 21 to 23 are views to illustrate a configuration of a block-rowinterleaver and an interleaving method according to exemplaryembodiments;

FIG. 24 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of a receivingapparatus according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 25 and 27 are block diagrams to illustrate a configuration of adeinterleaver according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 26 is a view to illustrate a block deinterleaver according to anexemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 28 is a flowchart to illustrate a signal processing methodaccording to an exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, various exemplary embodiments will be described in greaterdetail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In the following description, same reference numerals are used for thesame elements when they are depicted in different drawings. The mattersdefined in the description, such as detailed construction and elements,are provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of the exemplaryembodiments. Thus, it is apparent that the exemplary embodiments can becarried out without those specifically defined matters. Also, functionsor elements known in the related art are not described in detail sincethey would obscure the exemplary embodiments with unnecessary detail.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of atransmitting apparatus according to a first exemplary embodiment.Referring to FIG. 1, the transmitting apparatus 100 includes an encoder110, an interleaver 120, and a modulator 130 (or a constellationmapper).

The encoder 110 generates a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codeword byperforming LDPC encoding. The encoder 110 may include an LDPC encoder(not shown) to perform the LDPC encoding.

Specifically, the encoder 110 LDPC-encodes input bits to informationword bits to generate the LDPC codeword which is formed of theinformation word bits and parity bits (that is, LDPC parity bits). Here,since an LDPC code for the LDPC encoding is a systematic code, theinformation word bits may be included in the LDPC codeword as they are.

The LDPC codeword is formed of the information word bits and the paritybits. For example, the LDPC codeword is formed of N_(ldpc) number ofbits, and includes K_(ldpc) number of information word bits andN_(parity)=N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc) number of parity bits.

In this case, the encoder 110 may generate the LDPC codeword byperforming the LDPC encoding based on a parity check matrix. That is,since the LDPC encoding is a process for generating an LDPC codeword tosatisfy H·C^(T)=0, the encoder 110 may use the parity check matrix whenperforming the LDPC encoding. Herein, H is a parity check matrix and Cis an LDPC codeword.

For the LDPC encoding, the transmitting apparatus 100 may include aseparate memory and may pre-store parity check matrices of variousformats.

For example, the transmitting apparatus 100 may pre-store parity checkmatrices which are defined in Digital Video Broadcasting-Cable version 2(DVB-C2), Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite-Second Generation(DVB-S2), Digital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation Terrestrial(DVB-T2), etc., or may pre-store parity check matrices which are definedin the North America digital broadcasting standard system AdvancedTelevision System Committee (ATSC) 3.0 standards, which are currentlybeing established. However, this is merely an example and thetransmitting apparatus 100 may pre-store parity check matrices of otherformats in addition to these parity check matrices.

Hereinafter, a configuration of a parity check matrix will be explainedin detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.

First, referring to FIG. 2, a parity check matrix 200 is formed of aninformation word submatrix 210 corresponding to information word bits,and a parity submatrix 220 corresponding to parity bits. In the paritycheck matrix 200, elements other than elements with 1 have 0.

The information word submatrix 210 includes K_(ldpc) number of columnsand the parity submatrix 220 includes N_(parity)=N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc)number of columns. The number of rows of the parity check matrix 200 isidentical to the number of columns of the parity submatrix 220,N_(parity)=N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc).

In addition, in the parity check matrix 200, N_(ldpc) is a length of anLDPC codeword, K_(ldpc) is a length of information word bits, andN_(parity)=N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc) is a length of parity bits. The length ofthe LDPC codeword, the information word bits, and the parity bits meanthe number of bits included in each of the LDPC codeword, theinformation bits, and the parity bits.

Hereinafter, the configuration of the information word submatrix 210 andthe parity submatrix 220 will be explained in detail.

The information word submatrix 210 includes K_(ldpc) number of columns(that is, 0^(th) column to (K_(ldpc)−1)^(th) column), and follows thefollowing rules:

First, M number of columns from among K_(ldpc) number of columns of theinformation word submatrix 210 belong to the same group, and K_(ldpc)number of columns is divided into K_(ldpc)/M number of column groups. Ineach column group, a column is cyclic-shifted from an immediatelyprevious column by Q_(ldpc) or Q_(ldpc) number of bits.

Herein, M is an interval at which a pattern of a column group, whichincludes a plurality of columns, is repeated in the information wordsubmatrix 210 (e.g., M=360), and Q_(ldpc) is a size by which one columnis cyclic-shifted from an immediately previous column in a same columngroup in the information word submatrix 210. M and Q_(ldpc) are integersand are determined to satisfy Q_(ldpc)=(N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc))/M. In thiscase, K_(ldpc)/M is also an integer. M and Q_(ldpc) may have variousvalues according to a length of the LDPC codeword and a code rate.

For example, when M=360 and the length of the LDPC codeword, N_(ldpc),is 64800, Q_(ldpc) may be defined as in table 1 presented below, and,when M=360 and the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is 16200,Q_(ldpc) may be defined as in table 2 presented below.

TABLE 1 Code Rate N_(ldpc) M Q_(ldpc) 5/15 64800 360 120 6/15 64800 360108 7/15 64800 360 96 8/15 64800 360 84 9/15 64800 360 72 10/15  64800360 60 11/15  64800 360 48 12/15  64800 360 36 13/15  64800 360 24

TABLE 2 Code Rate N_(ldpc) M Q_(ldpc) 5/15 16200 360 30 6/15 16200 36027 7/15 16200 360 24 8/15 16200 360 21 9/15 16200 360 18 10/15  16200360 15 11/15  16200 360 12 12/15  16200 360 9 13/15  16200 360 6

Second, when the degree of the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group(i=0, 1, . . . , K_(ldpc)/M−1) is D_(i) (herein, the degree is thenumber of value 1 existing in each column and all columns belonging tothe same column group have the same degree), and a position (or anindex) of each row where 1 exists in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th)column group is R_(i,0) ⁽⁰⁾,R_(i,0) ⁽¹⁾, . . . , R_(i,0) ^((D) ^(i) ⁻¹⁾,an index R_(i,j) ^((k)) of a row where k^(th) weight−1 is located in thej^(th) column in the i^(th) column group (that is, an index of a rowwhere k^(th) 1 is located in the j^(th) column in the i^(th) columngroup) is determined by following Equation 1:R _(i,j) ^((k)) =R _(i,(j−1)) ^((k)) +Q _(ldpc) mod(N _(ldpc) −K_(ldpc))  (1)where k=0, 1, 2, . . . D₁−1; i=0, 1, . . . , K_(ldpc)/M−1; and j=1, 2, .. . , M−1.

Equation 1 can be expressed as following Equation 2:R _(i,j) ^((k)) ={R _(i,0) ^((k))+(j mod M)×Q _(ldpc)} mod(N _(ldpc) −K_(ldpc))  (2)where k=0, 1, 2, . . . D_(i)−1; i=0, 1, . . . , K_(ldpc)/M−1; and j=1,2, . . . , M−1.

In the above equations, R_(i,j) ^((k)) is an index of a row where k^(th)weight−1 is located in the j^(th) column in the i^(th) column group,N_(ldpc) is a length of an LDPC codeword, K_(ldpc) is a length ofinformation word bits, D_(i) is a degree of columns belonging to thei^(th) column group, M is the number of columns belonging to a singlecolumn group, and Q_(ldpc) is a size by which each column in the columngroup is cyclic-shifted.

As a result, referring to these equations, when only R_(i,0) ^((k)) isknown, the index R_(i,j) ^((k)) of the row where the k^(th) weight−1 islocated in the j^(th) column in the i^(th) column group can be known.Therefore, when the index value of the row where the k^(th) weight−1 islocated in the first column of each column group is stored, a positionof column and row where weight−1 is located in the parity check matrix200 having the configuration of FIG. 2 (that is, in the information wordsubmatrix 210 of the parity check matrix 200) can be known.

According to the above-described rules, all of the columns belonging tothe i^(th) column group have the same degree D_(i). Accordingly, theLDPC codeword which stores information on the parity check matrixaccording to the above-described rules may be briefly expressed asfollows.

For example, when N_(ldpc) is 30, K_(ldpc) is 15, and Q_(ldpc) is 3,position information of the row where weight−1 is located in the 0^(th)column of the three column groups may be expressed by a sequence ofEquations 3 and may be referred to as “weight−1 position sequence”.R _(1,0) ⁽¹⁾=1,R _(1,0) ⁽²⁾=2,R _(1,0) ⁽³⁾=8,R _(1,0) ⁽⁴⁾=10,R _(2,0) ⁽¹⁾=0,R _(2,0) ⁽²⁾=9,R _(2,0) ⁽³⁾=13,R _(3,0) ⁽¹⁾=0,R _(3,0) ⁽²⁾=14.  (3),where R_(i,j) ^((k)) is an index of a row where k^(th) weight−1 islocated in the j^(th) column in the i^(th) column group.

The weight−1 position sequence like Equation 3 which expresses an indexof a row where 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of each column groupmay be briefly expressed as in Table 3 presented below:

TABLE 3 1 2 8 10 0 9 13 0 14

Table 3 shows positions of elements having weight−1, that is, the value1, in the parity check matrix, and the i^(th) weight−1 position sequenceis expressed by indexes of rows where weight−1 is located in the 0^(th)column belonging to the i^(th) column group.

The information word submatrix 210 of the parity check matrix accordingto an exemplary embodiment may be defined as in Tables 4 to 26 presentedbelow, based on the above descriptions.

Specifically, Tables 4 to 26 show indexes of rows where 1 is located inthe 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group of the information wordsubmatrix 210. That is, the information word submatrix 210 is formed ofa plurality of column groups each including M number of columns, andpositions of 1 in the 0^(th) column of each of the plurality of columngroups may be defined by Tables 4 to 26.

Herein, the indexes of the rows where 1 is located in the 0^(th) columnof the i^(th) column group mean “addresses of parity bit accumulators”.The “addresses of parity bit accumulators” have the same meaning asdefined in the DVB-C2/S2/T2 standards or the ATSC 3.0 standards whichare currently being established, and thus, a detailed explanationthereof is omitted.

For example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is 16200, thecode rate R is 5/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rows where 1 islocated in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group of theinformation word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 4 presented below:

TABLE 4 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of the i ithcolumn group 0 245 449 491 980 1064 1194 1277 1671 2026 3186 4399 49005283 5413 5558 6570 7492 7768 7837 7984 8306 8483 8685 9357 9642 1004510179 10261 10338 10412 1 1318 1584 1682 1860 1954 2000 2062 3387 34413879 3931 4240 4302 4446 4603 5117 5588 5675 5793 5955 6097 6221 64496616 7218 7394 9535 9896 10009 10763 2 105 472 785 911 1168 1450 25502851 3277 3624 4128 4460 4572 4669 4783 5102 5133 5199 5905 6647 70287086 7703 8121 8217 9149 9304 9476 9736 9884 3 1217 5338 5737 8334 4 855994 2979 9443 5 7506 7811 9212 9982 6 848 3313 3380 3990 7 2095 41134620 9946 8 1488 2396 6130 7483 9 1002 2241 7067 10418 10 2008 3199 72157502 11 1161 7705 8194 8534 12 2316 4803 8649 9359 13 125 1880 3177 141141 8033 9072

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 6/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 5 presentedbelow:

TABLE 5 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 13 88 136 188 398 794 855 918 954 1950 2762 2837 28474209 4342 5092 5334 5498 5731 5837 6150 6942 7127 7402 7936 8235 83078600 9001 9419 9442 9710 1 619 792 1002 1148 1528 1533 1925 2207 27663021 3267 3593 3947 4832 4873 5109 5488 5882 6079 6097 6276 6499 65846738 6795 7550 7723 7786 8732 9060 9270 9401 2 499 717 1551 1791 25353135 3582 3813 4047 4309 5126 5186 5219 5716 5977 6236 6406 6586 65917085 7199 7485 7726 7878 8027 8066 8425 8802 9309 9464 9553 9671 3 6584058 7824 8512 4 3245 4743 8117 9369 5 465 6559 8112 9461 6 975 23684444 6095 7 4128 5993 9182 9473 8 9 3822 5306 5320 9 4 8311 9571 9669 1013 8122 8949 9656 11 3353 4449 5829 8053 12 7885 9118 9674 13 7575 95919670 14 431 8123 9271 15 4228 7587 9270 16 8847 9146 9556 17 11 52137763

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 7/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 6 presentedbelow:

TABLE 6 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 432 655 893 942 1285 1427 1738 2199 2441 2565 2932 32014144 4419 4678 4963 5423 5922 6433 6564 6656 7478 7514 7892 1 220 453690 826 1116 1425 1488 1901 3119 3182 3568 3800 3953 4071 4782 5038 55556836 6871 7131 7609 7850 8317 8443 2 300 454 497 930 1757 2145 2314 23722467 2819 3191 3256 3699 3984 4538 4965 5461 5742 5912 6135 6649 76368078 8455 3 24 65 565 609 990 1319 1394 1465 1918 1976 2463 2987 33303677 4195 4240 4947 5372 6453 6950 7066 8412 8500 8599 4 1373 4668 53247777 5 189 3930 5766 6877 6 3 2961 4207 5747 7 1108 4768 6743 7106 81282 2274 2750 6204 9 2279 2587 2737 6344 10 2889 3164 7275 8040 11 1332734 5081 8386 12 437 3203 7121 13 4280 7128 8490 14 619 4563 6206 152799 6814 6991 16 244 4212 5925 17 1719 7657 8554 18 53 1895 6685 19 5845420 6856 20 2958 5834 8103

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 8/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 7, 8 or 9presented below:

TABLE 7 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 32 384 430 591 1296 1976 1999 2137 2175 3638 4214 43044486 4662 4999 5174 5700 6969 7115 7138 7189 1 1788 1881 1910 2724 45044928 4973 5616 5686 5718 5846 6523 6893 6994 7074 7100 7277 7399 74767480 7537 2 2791 2824 2927 4196 4298 4800 4948 5361 5401 5688 5818 58625969 6029 6244 6645 6962 7203 7302 7454 7534 3 574 1461 1826 2056 20692387 2794 3349 3366 4951 5826 5834 5903 6640 6762 6786 6859 7043 74187431 7554 4 14 178 675 823 890 930 1209 1311 2898 4339 4600 5203 64856549 6970 7208 7218 7298 7454 7457 7462 5 4075 4188 7313 7553 6 51456018 7148 7507 7 3198 4858 6983 7033 8 3170 5126 5625 6901 9 2839 60937071 7450 10 11 3735 5413 11 2497 5400 7238 12 2067 5172 5714 13 18897173 7329 14 1795 2773 3499 15 2695 2944 6735 16 3221 4625 5897 17 16906122 6816 18 5013 6839 7358 19 1601 6849 7415 20 2180 7389 7543 21 21216838 7054 22 1948 3109 5046 23 272 1015 7464

TABLE 8 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 5 519 825 1871 2098 2478 2659 2820 3200 3294 3650 38043949 4426 4460 4503 4568 4590 4949 5219 5662 5738 5905 5911 6160 64046637 6708 6737 6814 7263 7412 1 81 391 1272 1633 2062 2882 3443 35033535 3908 4033 4163 4490 4929 5262 5399 5576 5768 5910 6331 6430 68446867 7201 7274 7290 7343 7350 7378 7387 7440 7554 2 105 975 3421 34804120 4444 5957 5971 6119 6617 6761 6810 7067 7353 3 6 138 485 1444 15122615 2990 3109 5604 6435 6513 6632 6704 7507 4 20 858 1051 2539 30495162 5308 6158 6391 6604 6744 7071 7195 7238 5 1140 5838 6203 6748 66282 6466 6481 6638 7 2346 2592 5436 7487 8 2219 3897 5896 7528 9 28976028 7018 10 1285 1863 5324 11 3075 6005 6466 12 5 6020 7551 13 21213751 7507 14 4027 5488 7542 15 2 6012 7011 16 3823 5531 5687 17 13792262 5297 18 1882 7498 7551 19 3749 4806 7227 20 2 2074 6898 21 17 6167482 22 9 6823 7480 23 5195 5880 7559

TABLE 9 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 6 243 617 697 1380 1504 1864 1874 1883 2075 2122 24392489 3076 3715 3719 3824 4028 4807 5006 5196 5532 5688 5881 6216 68997000 7118 7284 7412 7417 7523 1 0 6 17 20 105 1279 2443 2523 2800 34583684 4257 4799 4819 5499 5665 5810 5927 6169 6536 6617 6669 7069 71277132 7158 7164 7230 7320 7393 7396 7465 2 2 6 12 15 2033 2125 3352 33825931 7024 7143 7358 7391 7504 3 5 17 1725 1932 3277 4781 4888 6025 63747001 7139 7510 7524 7548 4 4 19 101 1493 4111 4163 4599 6517 6604 69486963 7008 7280 7319 5 8 28 2289 5025 6 5505 5693 6844 7552 7 9 3441 74247533 8 917 1816 3540 4552 9 256 6362 6868 10 2125 3144 5576 11 3443 55537201 12 2219 3897 4541 13 6331 6481 7224 14 7 1444 5568 15 81 1325 334516 778 2726 7316 17 3512 6462 7259 18 768 3751 6028 19 4665 7130 7452 202375 6814 7450 21 7073 7209 7483 22 2592 6466 7018 23 3716 5838 7547

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 9/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 10 presentedbelow:

TABLE 10 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 350 462 1291 1383 1821 2235 2493 3328 3353 3772 3872 39234259 4426 4542 4972 5347 6217 6246 6332 6386 1 177 869 1214 1253 13981482 1737 2014 2161 2331 3108 3297 3438 4388 4430 4456 4522 4783 52736037 6395 2 347 501 658 966 1622 1659 1934 2117 2527 3168 3231 3379 34273739 4218 4497 4894 5000 5167 5728 5975 3 319 398 599 1143 1796 31983521 3886 4139 4453 4556 4636 4688 4753 4986 5199 5224 5496 5698 57246123 4 162 257 304 524 945 1695 1855 2527 2780 2902 2958 3439 3484 42244769 4928 5156 5303 5971 6358 6477 5 807 1695 2941 4276 6 2652 2857 46606358 7 329 2100 2412 3632 8 1151 1231 3872 4869 9 1561 3565 5138 5303 10407 794 1455 11 3438 5683 5749 12 1504 1985 3563 13 440 5021 6321 14 1943645 5923 15 1217 1462 6422 16 1212 4715 5973 17 4098 5100 5642 18 55125857 6226 19 2583 5506 5933 20 784 1801 4890 21 4734 4779 4875 22 9385081 5377 23 127 4125 4704 24 1244 2178 3352 25 3659 6350 6465 26 16863464 4336

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 10/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 11 or 12presented below:

TABLE 11 Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of i the ithcolumn group 0 76 545 1005 1029 1390 1970 2525 2971 3448 3845 4088 41144163 4373 4640 4705 4970 5094 1 14 463 600 1676 2239 2319 2326 2815 28874278 4457 4493 4597 4918 4989 5038 5261 5384 2 451 632 829 1006 15301723 2205 2587 2801 3041 3849 4382 4595 4727 5006 5156 5224 5286 3 211265 1293 1777 1926 2214 2909 2957 3178 3278 3771 4547 4563 4737 48795068 5232 5344 4 6 2901 3925 5384 5 2858 4152 5006 5202 6 9 1232 20632768 7 7 11 2781 3871 8 12 2161 2820 4078 9 3 3510 4668 5323 10 253 4113215 5241 11 3919 4789 5040 5302 12 12 5113 5256 5352 13 9 1461 40045241 14 1688 3585 4480 5394 15 8 2127 3469 4360 16 2827 4049 5084 537917 1770 3331 5315 5386 18 1885 2817 4900 5088 19 2568 3854 4660 20 16043565 5373 21 2317 4636 5156 22 2480 2816 4094 23 14 4518 4826 24 1271192 3872 25 93 2282 3663 26 2962 5085 5314 27 2078 4277 5089 28 9 52805292 29 50 2847 4742

TABLE 12 Index of row where 1 is i located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 446 449 544 788 992 1389 1800 1933 2461 2975 3186 34423733 3773 4076 4308 4323 4605 4882 5034 5080 5135 5146 5269 5307 1 25113 139 147 307 1066 1078 1572 1773 1957 2143 2609 2642 2901 3371 34143935 4141 4165 4271 4520 4754 4971 5160 5179 2 341 424 1373 1559 19532577 2721 3257 3706 4025 4273 4689 4995 5005 3 442 465 1892 2274 22922999 3156 3308 3883 4084 4316 4636 4743 5200 4 22 1809 2406 3332 33593430 3466 4610 4638 5224 5280 5288 5337 5381 5 29 1203 1444 1720 18362138 2902 3601 3642 4138 4269 4457 4965 5315 6 1138 2493 3852 4802 73050 5361 5396 8 278 399 4810 9 1200 3577 4904 10 1705 2811 3448 11 21804242 5336 12 4539 5069 5363 13 3318 3645 4427 14 2902 5134 5176 15 51235130 5229 16 47 4474 5356 17 2399 3981 5067 18 2377 2465 5080 19 24132471 5328 20 2502 4911 5329 21 4770 5139 5356 22 3263 4000 4022 23 6482015 4867 24 311 2309 4063 25 1284 3246 3740 26 7 1080 3820 27 1261 24084608 28 3838 4076 4842 29 2294 4592 5254

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 11/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 13 presentedbelow:

TABLE 13 Index of row where 1 is i located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 108 297 703 742 1345 1443 1495 1628 1812 2341 2559 26692810 2877 3442 3690 3755 3904 4264 1 180 211 477 788 824 1090 1272 15781685 1948 2050 2195 2233 2546 2757 2946 3147 3299 3544 2 627 741 11351157 1226 1333 1378 1427 1454 1696 1757 1772 2099 2208 2592 3354 35804066 4242 3 9 795 959 989 1006 1032 1135 1209 1382 1484 1703 1855 19852043 2629 2845 3136 3450 3742 4 230 413 801 829 1108 1170 1291 1759 17931827 1976 2000 2423 2466 2917 3010 3600 3782 4143 5 56 142 236 381 10501141 1372 1627 1985 2247 2340 3023 3434 3519 3957 4013 4142 4164 4279 6298 1211 2548 3643 7 73 1070 1614 1748 8 1439 2141 3614 9 284 1564 262910 607 660 855 11 1195 2037 2753 12 49 1198 2562 13 296 1145 3540 141516 2315 2382 15 154 722 4016 16 759 2375 3825 17 162 194 1749 18 23352422 2632 19 6 1172 2583 20 726 1325 1428 21 985 2708 2769 22 255 28013181 23 2979 3720 4090 24 208 1428 4094 25 199 3743 3757 26 1229 20594282 27 458 1100 1387 28 1199 2481 3284 29 1161 1467 4060 30 959 30144144 31 2666 3960 4125 32 2809 3834 4318

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 12/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 14 or 15presented below:

TABLE 14 Index of row where 1 is i located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 3 394 1014 1214 1361 1477 1534 1660 1856 2745 2987 29913124 3155 1 59 136 528 781 803 928 1293 1489 1944 2041 2200 2613 26902847 2 155 245 311 621 1114 1269 1281 1783 1995 2047 2672 2803 2885 30143 79 870 974 1326 1449 1531 2077 2317 2467 2627 2811 3083 3101 3132 4 4582 660 902 1048 1482 1697 1744 1928 2628 2699 2728 3045 3104 5 175 395429 1027 1061 1068 1154 1168 1175 2147 2359 2376 2613 2682 6 1388 22413118 3148 7 143 506 2067 3148 8 1594 2217 2705 9 398 988 2551 10 11492588 2654 11 678 2844 3115 12 1508 1547 1954 13 1199 1267 1710 14 25893163 3207 15 1 2583 2974 16 2766 2897 3166 17 929 1823 2742 18 1113 30073239 19 1753 2478 3127 20 0 509 1811 21 1672 2646 2984 22 965 1462 323023 3 1077 2917 24 1183 1316 1662 25 968 1593 3239 26 64 1996 2226 271442 2058 3181 28 513 973 1058 29 1263 3185 3229 30 681 1394 3017 31 4192853 3217 32 3 2404 3175 33 2417 2792 2854 34 1879 2940 3235 35 647 17043060

TABLE 15 Index of row where 1 is i located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 69 170 650 1107 1190 1250 1309 1486 1612 1625 2091 24162580 2673 2921 2995 3175 3234 1 299 652 680 732 1197 1394 1779 1848 18852206 2266 2286 2706 2795 3206 3229 2 107 133 351 640 805 1136 1175 14791817 2068 2139 2586 2809 2855 2862 2930 3 75 458 508 546 584 624 8751948 2363 2471 2574 2715 3008 3052 3070 3166 4 0 7 897 1664 1981 21722268 2272 2364 2873 2902 3016 3020 3121 3203 3236 5 121 399 550 11571216 1326 1789 1838 1888 2160 2537 2745 2949 3001 3020 3152 6 1497 20222726 2871 7 872 2320 2504 3234 8 851 1684 3210 3217 9 1807 2918 3178 10671 1203 2343 11 405 490 3212 12 1 1474 3235 13 527 1224 2139 14 3 19972072 15 833 2366 3183 16 385 1309 3196 17 1343 2691 3153 18 1815 20482394 19 812 2055 2926 20 166 826 2807 21 1 493 2961 22 2218 3032 3153 232099 2885 3228 24 1214 2677 3216 25 2292 2422 2835 26 574 2138 3053 27576 1409 1912 28 354 1631 3142 29 3211 3228 3239 30 1335 2938 3184 31729 995 1520 32 537 3115 3233 33 4 2631 3231 34 1130 2851 3030 35 11362728 3203

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate R is 13/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 16 presentedbelow:

TABLE 16 Index of row where 1 is i located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 37 144 161 199 220 496 510 589 731 808 834 965 1249 12641311 1377 1460 1520 1598 1707 1958 2055 2099 2154 1 20 27 165 462 546583 742 796 1095 1110 1129 1145 1169 1190 1254 1363 1383 1463 1718 18351870 1879 2108 2128 2 288 362 463 505 638 691 745 861 1006 1083 11241175 1247 1275 1337 1353 1378 1506 1588 1632 1720 1868 1980 2135 3 405464 478 511 566 574 641 766 785 802 836 996 1128 1239 1247 1449 14911537 1616 1643 1668 1950 1975 2149 4 86 192 245 357 363 374 700 713 852903 992 1174 1245 1277 1342 1369 1381 1417 1463 1712 1900 1962 2053 21185 101 327 378 550 6 186 723 1318 1550 7 118 277 504 1835 8 199 407 17761965 9 387 1253 1328 1975 10 62 144 1163 2017 11 100 475 572 2136 12 431865 1568 2055 13 283 640 981 1172 14 220 1038 1903 2147 15 483 1318 13582118 16 92 961 1709 1810 17 112 403 1485 2042 18 431 1110 1130 1365 19587 1005 1206 1588 20 704 1113 1943 21 375 1487 2100 22 1507 1950 211023 962 1613 2038 24 554 1295 1501 25 488 784 1446 26 871 1935 1964 27 541475 1504 28 1579 1617 2074 29 1856 1967 2131 30 330 1582 2107 31 401056 1809 32 1310 1353 1410 33 232 554 1939 34 168 641 1099 35 333 4371556 36 153 622 745 37 719 931 1188 38 237 638 1607

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is64800, the code rate R is 6/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 17 presentedbelow:

TABLE 17 i Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 1606 3402 4961 6751 7132 11516 12300 12482 12592 1334213764 14123 21576 23946 24533 25376 25667 26836 31799 34173 35462 3615336740 37085 37152 37468 37658 1 4621 5007 6910 8732 9757 11508 1309915513 16335 18052 19512 21319 23663 25628 27208 31333 32219 33003 3323933447 36200 36473 36938 37201 37283 37495 38642 2 16 1094 2020 3080 41945098 5631 6877 7889 8237 9804 10067 11017 11366 13136 13354 15379 1893420199 24522 26172 28666 30386 32714 36390 37015 37162 3 700 897 17086017 6490 7372 7825 9546 10398 16605 18561 18745 21625 22137 23693 2434024966 25015 26995 28586 28895 29687 33938 34520 34858 37056 38297 4 1592010 2573 3617 4452 4958 5556 5832 6481 8227 9924 10836 14954 1559416623 18065 19249 22394 22677 23408 23731 24076 24776 27007 28222 3034338371 5 3118 3545 4768 4992 5227 6732 8170 9397 10522 11508 15536 2021821921 28599 29445 29758 29968 31014 32027 33685 34378 35867 36323 3672836870 38335 38623 6 1264 4254 6936 9165 9486 9950 10861 11653 1369713961 15164 15665 18444 19470 20313 21189 24371 26431 26999 28086 2825129261 31981 34015 35850 36129 37186 7 111 1307 1628 2041 2524 5358 79888191 10322 11905 12919 14127 15515 15711 17061 19024 21195 22902 2372724401 24608 25111 25228 27338 35398 37794 38196 8 961 3035 7174 794813355 13607 14971 18189 18339 18665 18875 19142 20615 21136 21309 2175823366 24745 25849 25982 27583 30006 31118 32106 36469 36583 37920 9 29903549 4273 4808 5707 6021 6509 7456 8240 10044 12262 12660 13085 1475015680 16049 21587 23997 25803 28343 28693 34393 34860 35490 36021 3773738296 10 955 4323 5145 6885 8123 9730 11840 12216 19194 20313 2305624248 24830 25268 26617 26801 28557 29753 30745 31450 31973 32839 3302533296 35710 37366 37509 11 264 605 4181 4483 5156 7238 8863 10939 1125112964 16254 17511 20017 22395 22818 23261 23422 24064 26329 27723 2818630434 31956 33971 34372 36764 38123 12 520 2562 2794 3528 3860 4402 56766963 8655 9018 9783 11933 16336 17193 17320 19035 20606 23579 2376924123 24966 27866 32457 34011 34499 36620 37526 13 10106 10637 1090634242 14 1856 15100 19378 21848 15 943 11191 27806 29411 16 4575 635913629 19383 17 4476 4953 18782 24313 18 5441 6381 21840 35943 19 96389763 12546 30120 20 9587 10626 11047 25700 21 4088 15298 28768 35047 222332 6363 8782 28863 23 4625 4933 28298 30289 24 3541 4918 18257 3174625 1221 25233 26757 34892 26 8150 16677 27934 30021 27 8500 25016 3304338070 28 7374 10207 16189 35811 29 611 18480 20064 38261 30 25416 2735236089 38469 31 1667 17614 25839 32776 32 4118 12481 21912 37945 33 557313222 23619 31271 34 18271 26251 27182 30587 35 14690 26430 26799 3435536 13688 16040 20716 34558 37 2740 14957 23436 32540 38 3491 14365 1468136858 39 4796 6238 25203 27854 40 1731 12816 17344 26025 41 19182 2166223742 27872 42 6502 13641 17509 34713 43 12246 12372 16746 27452 44 158921528 30621 34003 45 12328 20515 30651 31432 46 3415 22656 23427 3639547 632 5209 25958 31085 48 619 3690 19648 37778 49 9528 13581 2696536447 50 2147 26249 26968 28776 51 15698 18209 30683 52 1132 19888 3411153 4608 25513 38874 54 475 1729 34100 55 7348 32277 38587 56 182 1647333082 57 3865 9678 21265 58 4447 20151 27618 59 6335 14371 38711 60 7049695 28858 61 4856 9757 30546 62 1993 19361 30732 63 756 28000 29138 643821 24076 31813 65 4611 12326 32291 66 7628 21515 34995 67 1246 1329430068 68 6466 33233 35865 69 14484 23274 38150 70 21269 36411 37450 7123129 26195 37653

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is64800, the code rate R is 7/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 18 presentedbelow:

TABLE 18 i Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 13 127 927 930 1606 2348 3361 3704 5194 6327 7843 80818615 12199 13947 15317 15774 16289 16687 17122 20468 21057 21853 2241423829 23885 25452 28072 28699 28947 30289 31672 32470 1 36 53 60 86 93407 3975 4478 5884 6578 7599 7613 7696 9573 11010 11183 11233 1375017182 17860 20181 23974 24195 25089 25787 25892 26121 30880 32989 3338333626 34153 34520 2 27 875 2693 3435 3682 6195 6227 6711 7629 8005 908111052 11190 11443 14832 17431 17756 17998 18254 18632 22234 22880 2356223647 27092 29035 29620 30336 33492 33906 33960 34337 34474 3 10 7221241 3558 5490 5508 6420 7128 12386 12847 12942 15305 15592 16799 1803319134 20713 20870 21589 26380 27538 27577 27971 29744 32344 32347 3267332892 33018 33674 33811 34253 34511 4 6 24 72 2552 3171 5179 11519 1248413096 13282 15226 18193 19995 25166 25303 25693 26821 29193 30666 3195233137 33187 33190 33319 33653 33950 34062 34255 34292 34365 34433 3444334527 5 1 12 26 29 85 1532 3870 6763 7533 7630 8022 8857 11667 1191914987 16133 20999 21830 23522 24160 27671 28451 30618 31556 31894 3343633543 34146 34197 34313 34437 34480 34550 6 13 44 2482 5068 8153 1323313728 14548 17278 20027 21273 22112 22376 24799 29175 7 26 50 8325 889112816 15672 15933 24049 30372 31245 33194 33238 33934 34093 34547 8 14126334 7945 8866 10886 14521 17224 23693 25160 29267 31337 31893 3234633195 33687 9 27 47 14505 14786 18416 19963 23250 23475 27275 2792128090 33985 34371 34374 34512 10 16 31 4924 7028 10240 12380 13479 1640520197 27989 28084 32440 33996 34090 34435 11 17 57 95 6786 7427 754810452 13714 25632 30647 33054 34195 34237 34304 34447 12 4 62 331 1022010518 10575 18401 19286 28718 30521 30968 31329 31848 32614 34343 13 4279 4682 4747 7335 11487 17405 18089 19470 22457 33433 34373 34471 3451934540 14 27 65 4911 10752 14803 24122 24531 25322 29130 30081 3128032050 32693 34435 34508 15 24 29 2107 2152 5271 11032 14001 14902 2170523126 31276 33946 34372 34380 34469 16 16 62 72 7470 14839 15299 1589417716 18068 24959 25024 33343 34186 34398 34429 17 37 56 70 2089 1001611316 14652 15665 17202 19804 19847 30498 33938 34126 34391 18 68 9632099 9596 17606 19249 21839 27437 29901 30714 33060 33456 34347 3449834527 19 6 69 1845 2504 7189 8603 10379 11421 13742 15757 16857 2064228039 32833 34270 20 2235 15032 31823 21 4737 33978 34504 22 2 2026330373 23 923 18929 25743 24 4587 22945 28380 25 22094 26147 34544 265177 20758 26476 27 8938 17291 27352 28 5286 24717 29331 29 71 1644232683 30 81 22810 28015 31 14112 14419 29708 32 4156 7522 23358 33 1285020777 28294 34 14692 31178 34238 35 3447 12356 21997 36 6098 15443 3344737 5947 11648 21719 38 72 8695 18421 39 2173 18978 27232 40 13656 1822219869 41 49 24684 33849 42 84 13870 18354 43 54 10089 10516 44 803518741 23775 45 7553 13539 25652 46 9116 26724 27525 47 22960 24382 2618548 17384 24749 26726 49 12197 18965 32473 50 95 23126 26909 51 1932731338 34320 52 9843 34130 34381 53 4031 9940 22329 54 58 31795 34468 55103 17411 25220 56 26 4338 24625 57 9758 34395 34531 58 2186 17077 2764659 9156 19462 34059 60 6 59 29352 61 16316 29453 34128 62 16244 3286534517 63 918 22159 29265 64 13612 19465 20671 65 1 8261 8849 66 1121428864 32696 67 11513 27595 34479 68 11895 21430 34524 69 82 5535 1055270 66 15799 26966 71 20555 21816 32855 72 3772 27923 33492 73 1283715856 21575 74 2 16865 34413 75 2682 2702 21630 76 10 22173 34016 779740 23216 33800 78 61 33792 33839 79 3961 29314 33446 80 11337 1662020008 81 18461 25285 34267 82 46 117 8394 83 12291 25671 34505

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is64800, the code rate R is 8/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 19 presentedbelow:

TABLE 19 i Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 2768 3039 4059 5856 6245 7013 8157 9341 9802 10470 1152112083 16610 18361 20321 24601 27420 28206 29788 1 2739 8244 8891 915712624 12973 15534 16622 16919 18402 18780 19854 20220 20543 22306 2554027478 27678 28053 2 1727 2268 6246 7815 9010 9556 10134 10472 1138914599 15719 16204 17342 17666 18850 22058 25579 25860 29207 3 28 13463721 5565 7019 9240 12355 13109 14800 16040 16839 17369 17631 1935719473 19891 20381 23911 29683 4 869 2450 4386 5316 6160 7107 10362 1113211271 13149 16397 16532 17113 19894 22043 22784 27383 28615 28804 5 5084292 5831 8559 10044 10412 11283 14810 15888 17243 17538 19903 2052822090 22652 27235 27384 28208 28485 6 389 2248 5840 6043 7000 9054 1107511760 12217 12565 13587 15403 19422 19528 21493 25142 27777 28566 287027 1015 2002 5764 6777 9346 9629 11039 11153 12690 13068 13990 1684117702 20021 24106 26300 29332 30081 30196 8 1480 3084 3467 4401 47985187 7851 11368 12323 14325 14546 16360 17158 18010 21333 25612 2655626906 27005 9 6925 8876 12392 14529 15253 15437 19226 19950 20321 2302123651 24393 24653 26668 27205 28269 28529 29041 29292 10 2547 3404 35384666 5126 5468 7695 8799 14732 15072 15881 17410 18971 19609 19717 2215024941 27908 29018 11 888 1581 2311 5511 7218 9107 10454 12252 1366215714 15894 17025 18671 24304 25316 25556 28489 28977 29212 12 1047 14941718 4645 5030 6811 7868 8146 10611 15767 17682 18391 22614 23021 2376325478 26491 29088 29757 13 59 1781 1900 3814 4121 8044 8906 9175 1115614841 15789 16033 16755 17292 18550 19310 22505 29567 29850 14 1952 30574399 9476 10171 10769 11335 11569 15002 19501 20621 22642 23452 2436025109 25290 25828 28505 29122 15 2895 3070 3437 4764 4905 6670 924411845 13352 13573 13975 14600 15871 17996 19672 20079 20579 25327 2795816 612 1528 2004 4244 4599 4926 5843 7684 10122 10443 12267 14368 1841319058 22985 24257 26202 26596 27899 17 1361 2195 4146 6708 7158 75389138 9998 14862 15359 16076 18925 21401 21573 22503 24146 24247 2777829312 18 5229 6235 7134 7655 9139 13527 15408 16058 16705 18320 1990920901 22238 22437 23654 25131 27550 28247 29903 19 697 2035 4887 52756909 9166 11805 15338 16381 18403 20425 20688 21547 24590 25171 2672628848 29224 29412 20 5379 17329 22659 23062 21 11814 14759 22329 2293622 2423 2811 10296 12727 23 8460 15260 16769 17290 24 14191 14608 2953630187 25 7103 10069 20111 22850 26 4285 15413 26448 29069 27 548 21379189 10928 28 4581 7077 23382 23949 29 3942 17248 19486 27922 30 866810230 16922 26678 31 6158 9980 13788 28198 32 12422 16076 24206 29887 338778 10649 18747 22111 34 21029 22677 27150 28980 35 7918 15423 2767227803 36 5927 18086 23525 37 3397 15058 30224 38 24016 25880 26268 391096 4775 7912 40 3259 17301 20802 41 129 8396 15132 42 17825 2811928676 43 2343 8382 28840 44 3907 18374 20939 45 1132 1290 8786 46 14814710 28846 47 2185 3705 26834 48 5496 15681 21854 49 12697 13407 2217850 12788 21227 22894 51 629 2854 6232 52 2289 18227 27458 53 7593 2193523001 54 3836 7081 12282 55 7925 18440 23135 56 497 6342 9717 57 1119922046 30067 58 12572 28045 28990 59 1240 2023 10933 60 19566 20629 2518661 6442 13303 28813 62 4765 10572 16180 63 552 19301 24286 64 6782 1848021383 65 11267 12288 15758 66 771 5652 15531 67 16131 20047 25649 6813227 23035 24450 69 4839 13467 27488 70 2852 4677 22993 71 2504 2811629524 72 12518 17374 24267 73 1222 11859 27922 74 9660 17286 18261 75232 11296 29978 76 9750 11165 16295 77 4894 9505 23622 78 10861 1198014110 79 2128 15883 22836 80 6274 17243 21989 81 10866 13202 22517 8211159 16111 21608 83 3719 18787 22100 84 1756 2020 23901 85 20913 2947330103 86 2729 15091 26976 87 4410 8217 12963 88 5395 24564 28235 89 385917909 23051 90 5733 26005 29797 91 1935 3492 29773 92 11903 21380 2991493 6091 10469 29997 94 2895 8930 15594 95 1827 10028 20070

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is64800, the code rate R is 9/15, and M is 360, the indexes of the rowswhere 1 is located in the 0^(th) column of the i^(th) column group ofthe information word submatrix 210 are as shown in Table 20 presentedbelow:

TABLE 20 i Index of row where 1 is located in the 0th column of the ithcolumn group 0 113 1557 3316 5680 6241 10407 13404 13947 14040 1435315522 15698 16079 17363 19374 19543 20530 22833 24339 1 271 1361 62367006 7307 7333 12768 15441 15568 17923 18341 20321 21502 22023 2393825351 25590 25876 25910 2 73 605 872 4008 6279 7653 10346 10799 1248212935 13604 15909 16526 19782 20506 22804 23629 24859 25600 3 1445 16904304 4851 8919 9176 9252 13783 16076 16675 17274 18806 18882 20819 2195822451 23869 23999 24177 4 1290 2337 5661 6371 8996 10102 10941 1136012242 14918 16808 20571 23374 24046 25045 25060 25662 25783 25913 5 2842 1926 3421 3503 8558 9453 10168 15820 17473 19571 19685 22790 2333623367 23890 24061 25657 25680 6 0 1709 4041 4932 5968 7123 8430 956410596 11026 14761 19484 20762 20858 23803 24016 24795 25853 25863 7 291625 6500 6609 16831 18517 18568 18738 19387 20159 20544 21603 2194124137 24269 24416 24803 25154 25395 8 55 66 871 3700 11426 13221 1500116367 17601 18380 22796 23488 23938 25476 25635 25678 25807 25857 258729 1 19 5958 8548 8860 11489 16845 18450 18469 19496 20190 23173 2526225566 25668 25679 25858 25888 25915 10 7520 7690 8855 9183 14654 1669517121 17854 18083 18428 19633 20470 20736 21720 22335 23273 25083 2529325403 11 48 58 410 1299 3786 10668 18523 18963 20864 22106 22308 2303323107 23128 23990 24286 24409 24595 25802 12 12 51 3894 6539 8276 1088511644 12777 13427 14039 15954 17078 19053 20537 22863 24521 25087 2546325838 13 3509 8748 9581 11509 15884 16230 17583 19264 20900 21001 2131022547 22756 22959 24768 24814 25594 25626 25880 14 21 29 69 1448 23864601 6626 6667 10242 13141 13852 14137 18640 19951 22449 23454 2443125512 25814 15 18 53 7890 9934 10063 16728 19040 19809 20825 21522 2180023582 24556 25031 25547 25562 25733 25789 25906 16 4096 4582 5766 58946517 10027 12182 13247 15207 17041 18958 20133 20503 22228 24332 2461325689 25855 25883 17 0 25 819 5539 7076 7536 7695 9532 13668 15051 1768319665 20253 21996 24136 24890 25758 25784 25807 18 34 40 44 4215 60767427 7965 8777 11017 15593 19542 22202 22973 23397 23423 24418 2487325107 25644 19 1595 6216 22850 25439 20 1562 15172 19517 22362 21 750812879 24324 24496 22 6298 15819 16757 18721 23 11173 15175 19966 2119524 59 13505 16941 23793 25 2267 4830 12023 20587 26 8827 9278 1307216664 27 14419 17463 23398 25348 28 6112 16534 20423 22698 29 493 891421103 24799 30 6896 12761 13206 25873 31 2 1380 12322 21701 32 1160021306 25753 25790 33 8421 13076 14271 15401 33 8421 13076 14271 15401 349630 14112 19017 20955 35 212 13932 21781 25824 36 5961 9110 16654 1963637 58 5434 9936 12770 38 6575 11433 19798 39 2731 7338 20926 40 1425318463 25404 41 21791 24805 25869 42 2 11646 15850 43 6075 8586 23819 4418435 22093 24852 45 2103 2368 11704 46 10925 17402 18232 47 9062 2506125674 48 18497 20853 23404 49 18606 19364 19551 50 7 1022 25543 51 674415481 25868 52 9081 17305 25164 53 8 23701 25883 54 9680 19955 22848 5556 4564 19121 56 5595 15086 25892 57 3174 17127 23183 58 19397 1981720275 59 12561 24571 25825 60 7111 9889 25865 61 19104 20189 21851 62549 9686 25548 63 6586 20325 25906 64 3224 20710 21637 65 641 1521525754 66 13484 23729 25818 67 2043 7493 24246 68 16860 25230 25768 6922047 24200 24902 70 9391 18040 19499 71 7855 24336 25069 72 23834 2557025852 73 1977 8800 25756 74 6671 21772 25859 75 3279 6710 24444 76 2409925117 25820 77 5553 12306 25915 78 48 11107 23907 79 10832 11974 2577380 2223 17905 25484 81 16782 17135 20446 82 475 2861 3457 83 16218 2244924362 84 11716 22200 25897 85 8315 15009 22633 86 13 20480 25852 8712352 18658 25687 88 3681 14794 23703 89 30 24531 25846 90 4103 2207724107 91 23837 25622 25812 92 3627 13387 25839 93 908 5367 19388 94 06894 25795 95 20322 23546 25181 96 8178 25260 25437 97 2449 13244 2256598 31 18928 22741 99 1312 5134 14838 100 6085 13937 24220 101 66 1463325670 102 47 22512 25472 103 8867 24704 25279 104 6742 21623 22745 105147 9948 24178 106 8522 24261 24307 107 19202 22406 24609

According to an exemplary embodiment, even when the order of numbers,i.e., indexes, in a sequence corresponding to the i^(th) column group ofthe parity check matrix 200 as shown in the above-described Tables 4 to20 is changed, the changed parity check matrix is a parity check matrixused for the same LDPC code. Therefore, a case in which the order ofnumbers in the sequence corresponding to the i^(th) column group inTables 4 to 20 is changed is covered by the inventive concept.

According to an exemplary embodiment, even when one sequencecorresponding to one column group is changed and another sequencecorresponding to another column group are changed to each other inTables 4 to 20, cycle characteristics on a graph of the LDPC code andalgebraic characteristics such as degree distribution are not changed.Therefore, a case in which the arrangement order of the sequences shownin Tables 4 to 20 is changed is also covered by the inventive concept.

In addition, even when a multiple of Q_(ldpc) is equally added to allnumbers, i.e., indexes, corresponding to a certain column group inTables 4 to 20, the cycle characteristics on the graph of the LDPC codeor the algebraic characteristics such as degree distribution are notchanged. Therefore, a result of equally adding a multiple of Q_(ldpc) tothe sequences shown in Tables 4 to 20 is also covered by the inventiveconcept. However, it should be noted that, when the resulting valueobtained by adding a multiple of Q_(ldpc) to a given sequence is greaterthan or equal to (N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc)), a value obtained by applying amodulo operation for (N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc)) to the resulting value shouldbe applied instead.

Once positions of the rows where 1 exists in the 0^(th) column of thei^(th) column group of the information word submatrix 210 are defined asshown in Tables 4 to 20, positions of rows where 1 exists in anothercolumn of each column group may be defined since the positions of therows where 1 exists in the 0^(th) column are cyclic-shifted by Q_(ldpc)in the next column.

For example, in the case of Table 4, in the 0^(th) column of the 0^(th)column group of the information word submatrix 210, 1 exists in the245^(th) row, 449^(th) row, 491^(st) row, . . . .

In this case, since Q_(ldpc)=(N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc))/M=(16200−5400)/360=30,the indexes of the rows where 1 is located in the 1^(st) column of the0^(th) column group may be 275(=245+30), 479(=449+30), 521(=491+30), . .. , and the indexes of the rows where 1 is located in the 2^(nd) columnof the 0^(th) column group may be 305(=275+30), 509(=479+30),554=521+30).

In the above-described method, the indexes of the rows where 1 islocated in all rows of each column group may be defined.

The parity submatrix 220 of the parity check matrix 200 shown in FIG. 2may be defined as follows:

The parity submatrix 220 includes N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc) number of columns(that is, K_(ldpc) ^(th) column to (N_(lpdc)−1)^(th) column), and has adual diagonal or staircase configuration. Accordingly, the degree ofcolumns except the last column (that is, (N_(ldpc)−1)^(th) column) fromamong the columns included in the parity submatrix 220 is 2, and thedegree of the last column is 1.

As a result, the information word submatrix 210 of the parity checkmatrix 200 may be defined by Tables 4 to 20, and the parity submatrix220 may have a dual diagonal configuration.

When the columns and rows of the parity check matrix 200 shown in FIG. 2are permutated based on Equation 4 and Equation 5, the parity checkmatrix shown in FIG. 2 may be changed to a parity check matrix 300 shownin FIG. 3.Q _(ldpc) ·i+j⇒M·j+i(0≤i<M,0≤j<Q _(ldpc))  (4)K _(ldpc) +Q _(ldpc) ·k+l⇒K _(ldpc) +M·l+k(0≤k<M,0≤l<Q _(ldpc))  (5)

The method for permutating based on Equation 4 and Equation 5 will beexplained below. Since row permutation and column permutation apply thesame principle, the row permutation will be explained by the way of anexample.

In the case of the row permutation, regarding the X^(th) row, i and jsatisfying X=Q_(ldpc)×i+j are calculated and the X^(th) row ispermutated by assigning the calculated i and j to M×j+i. For example,regarding the 7^(th) row, i and j satisfying 7=2×i+j are 3 and 1,respectively. Therefore, the 7^(th) row is permutated to the 13^(th) row(10×1+3=13).

When the row permutation and the column permutation are performed in theabove-described method, the parity check matrix of FIG. 2 may beconverted into the parity check matrix of FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 3, the parity check matrix 300 is divided into aplurality of partial blocks, and a quasi-cyclic matrix of M×Mcorresponds to each partial block.

Accordingly, the parity check matrix 300 having the configuration ofFIG. 3 is formed of matrix units of M×M. That is, the submatrices of M×Mare arranged in the plurality of partial blocks, constituting the paritycheck matrix 300.

Since the parity check matrix 300 is formed of the quasi-cyclic matricesof M×M, M number of columns may be referred to as a column block and Mnumber of rows may be referred to as a row block. Accordingly, theparity check matrix 300 having the configuration of FIG. 3 is formed ofN_(qc_column)=N_(ldpc)/M number of column blocks andN_(qc_row)=N_(parity)/M number of row blocks.

Hereinafter, the submatrix of M×M will be explained.

First, the (N_(qc_column)−1)^(th) column block of the 0^(th) row blockhas a form shown in Equation 6 presented below:

$\begin{matrix}{A = \begin{bmatrix}0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 & 0\end{bmatrix}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

As described above, A 330 is an M×M matrix, values of the 0^(th) row andthe (M−1)^(th) column are all “0”, and, regarding 0≤i≤(M−2), the(i+1)^(th) row of the i^(th) column is “1” and the other values are “0”.

Second, regarding 0≤i≤(N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc))/M−1 in the parity submatrix320, the i^(th) row block of the (K_(ldpc)/M+i)^(th) column block isconfigured by a unit matrix I_(M×M) 340. In addition, regarding0≤i≤(N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc))/M−2, the (i+1)^(th) row block of the(K_(ldpc)/M+i)^(th) column block is configured by a unit matrix I_(M×M)340.

Third, a block 350 constituting the information word submatrix 310 mayhave a cyclic-shifted format of a cyclic matrix P, P^(a) ^(ij) , or anadded format of the cyclic-shifted matrix P^(a) ^(ij) of the cyclicmatrix P (or an overlapping format).

For example, a format in which the cyclic matrix P is cyclic-shifted tothe right by 1 may be expressed by Equation 7 presented below:

$\begin{matrix}{P = \begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 & 0 & \; & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \; & \vdots \\0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\1 & 0 & 0 & \; & 0\end{bmatrix}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

The cyclic matrix P is a square matrix having an M×M size and is amatrix in which a weight of each of M number of rows is 1 and a weightof each of M number of columns is 1. When a_(ij) is 0, the cyclic matrixP, that is, P⁰ indicates a unit matrix I_(M×M), and when a_(ij) is ∞,P^(∞) is a zero matrix.

A submatrix existing where the i^(th) row block and the j^(th) columnblock intersect in the parity check matrix 300 of FIG. 3 may be P^(a)^(ij) . Accordingly, i and j indicate the number of row blocks and thenumber of column blocks in the partial blocks corresponding to theinformation word. Accordingly, in the parity check matrix 300, the totalnumber of columns is N_(ldpc)=M×N_(qc_column), and the total number ofrows is N_(parity)=M×N_(qc_row). That is, the parity check matrix 300 isformed of N_(qc_column) number of column blocks and N_(qc_row) number ofrow blocks.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the encoder 110 may perform the LDPC encodingby using various code rates such as 5/15, 6/15, 7/15, 8/15, 9/15, 10/15,11/15, 12/15, 13/15, etc. In addition, the encoder 110 may generate anLDPC codeword having various lengths such as 16200, 64800, etc., basedon the length of the information word bits and the code rate.

In this case, the encoder 110 may perform the LDPC encoding by using theparity check matrix, and the parity check matrix is configured as shownin FIGS. 2 and 3.

In addition, the encoder 110 may perform Bose, Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem(BCH) encoding as well as LDPC encoding. To achieve this, the encoder110 may further include a BCH encoder (not shown) to perform BCHencoding.

In this case, the encoder 110 may perform encoding in an order of BCHencoding and LDPC encoding. Specifically, the encoder 110 may add BCHparity bits to input bits by performing BCH encoding and LDPC-encodesthe bits to which the BCH parity bits are added into information wordbits, thereby generating the LDPC codeword.

The interleaver 120 interleaves the LDPC codeword. That is, theinterleaver 120 receives the LDPC codeword from the encoder 110, andinterleaves the LDPC codeword based on various interleaving rules.

In particular, the interleaver 120 may interleave the LDPC codeword suchthat a bit included in a predetermined group from among a plurality ofgroups constituting the LDPC codeword (that is, a plurality of bitgroups or a plurality of blocks) is mapped onto a predetermined bit of amodulation symbol. Accordingly, the modulator 130 may map a bit includedin a predetermined group from among the plurality of groups of the LDPCcodeword onto a predetermined bit of the modulation symbol.

Hereinafter, interleaving rules used in the interleaver 120 will beexplained in detail according to cases.

Case in Which a Block Interleaver is Used

According to an exemplary embodiment, the interleaver 120 may interleavethe LDPC codeword in a method described below such that a bit includedin a predetermined group from among a plurality of groups constitutingthe interleaved LDPC codeword is mapped onto a predetermined bit in amodulation symbol. A detailed description thereof is provided withreference to FIG. 4.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of aninterleaver according to exemplary embodiment. Referring to FIG. 4, theinterleaver 120 includes a parity interleaver 121, a group interleaver(or a group-wise interleaver 122), a group twist interleaver 123 and ablock interleaver 124.

The parity interleaver 121 interleaves parity bits constituting the LDPCcodeword.

Specifically, when the LDPC codeword is generated based on the paritycheck matrix 200 having the configuration of FIG. 2, the parityinterleaver 121 may interleave only the parity bits of the LDPC codewordby using Equations 8 presented below:u _(i) =c _(i) for 0≤i<K _(ldpc), andu _(K) _(ldpc) _(+M·t+s) =c _(K) _(ldpc) _(+Q) _(ldpc) _(·s+t) for0≤s<M,0≤t<Q _(ldpc)  (8)where M is an interval at which a pattern of a column group, whichincludes a plurality of columns, is repeated in the information wordsubmatrix 210, that is, the number of columns included in a column group(for example, M=360), and Q_(ldpc) is a size by which each column iscyclic-shifted in the information word submatrix 210. That is, theparity interleaver 121 performs parity interleaving with respect to theLDPC codeword c=(c₀, c₁, . . . , C_(N) _(ldpc) ⁻¹), and outputs U=(u₀,u₁, . . . , u_(N) _(ldpc) ⁻¹).

When the LDPC codeword encoded based on the parity check matrix 200 ofFIG. 2 is parity-interleaved based on Equations 8, theparity-interleaved LDPC codeword is the same as the LDPC codewordencoded by the parity check matrix 300 of FIG. 3. Accordingly, when theLDPC codeword is generated based on the parity check matrix 300 of FIG.3, the parity interleaver 121 may be omitted.

The LDPC codeword parity-interleaved after having been encoded based onthe parity check matrix 200 of FIG. 2, or the LDPC codeword encodedbased on the parity check matrix having the format of FIG. 3 may becharacterized in that a predetermined number of continuous bits of theLDPC codeword have similar decoding characteristics (cycle distribution,a degree of a column, etc.).

For example, the LDPC codeword may have the same characteristics on thebasis of M number of continuous bits. Herein, M is an interval at whicha pattern of a column group is repeated in the information wordsubmatrix and, for example, may be 360.

Specifically, a product of the LDPC codeword bits and the parity checkmatrix should be “0”. This means that a sum of products of the i^(th)LDPC codeword bit, c_(i) (i=0, 1, . . . , N_(ldpc)−1) and the i^(th)column of the parity check matrix should be a “0” vector. Accordingly,the i^(th) LDPC codeword bit may be regarded as corresponding to thei^(th) column of the parity check matrix.

In the case of the parity check matrix of FIG. 2, M number of columns inthe information word submatrix 210 belong to the same group and theinformation word submatrix 210 has the same characteristics on the basisof a column group (for example, the columns belonging to the same columngroup have the same degree distribution and the same cyclecharacteristic).

In this case, since M number of continuous bits in the information wordbits correspond to the same column group of the information wordsubmatrix 210, the information word bits may be formed of M number ofcontinuous bits having the same codeword characteristics. When theparity bits of the LDPC codeword are interleaved by the parityinterleaver 121, the parity bits of the LDPC codeword may be formed of Mnumber of continuous bits having the same codeword characteristics.

In addition, in the case of the parity check matrix 300 of FIG. 3, sincethe information word submatrix 310 and the parity submatrix 320 of theparity check matrix 300 have the same characteristics on the basis of acolumn group including M number of columns due to the row and columnpermutation, the information word bits and the parity bits of the LDPCcodeword encoded based on the parity check matrix 300 are formed of Mnumber of continuous bits of the same codeword characteristics.

Herein, the row permutation does not influence the cycle characteristicor algebraic characteristic of the LDPC codeword such as a degreedistribution, a minimum distance, etc. since the row permutation is justto rearrange the order of rows in the parity check matrix. In addition,since the column permutation is performed for the parity submatrix 320to correspond to parity interleaving performed in the parity interleaver121, the parity bits of the LDPC codeword encoded by the parity checkmatrix 300 of FIG. 3 are formed of M number of continuous bits like theparity bits of the LDPC codeword encoded by the parity check matrix 200of FIG. 2.

Accordingly, the bits constituting an LDPC codeword may have the samecharacteristics on the basis of M number of continuous bits, accordingto the present exemplary embodiment.

The group interleaver 122 may divide the LDPC codeword into a pluralityof groups and rearrange the order of the plurality of groups or maydivide the parity-interleaved LDPC codeword into a plurality of groupsand rearrange the order of the plurality of groups. That is, the groupinterleaver 122 interleaves the plurality of groups in group units.

To achieve this, the group interleaver 122 divides theparity-interleaved LDPC codeword into a plurality of groups by usingEquation 9 or Equation 10 presented below.

$\begin{matrix}{X_{j} = {{\left\{ {{\left. u_{k} \middle| j \right. = \left\lfloor \frac{k}{360} \right\rfloor},{0 \leq k < N_{ldpc}}} \right\}\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} 0} \leq j < N_{group}}} & (9) \\{{X_{j} = \left\{ {\left. u_{k} \middle| {{360 \times j} \leq k < {360 \times \left( {j + 1} \right)}} \right.,{0 \leq k < N_{ldpc}}} \right\}}{{{for}\mspace{14mu} 0} \leq j < N_{group}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$where N_(group) is the total number of groups, X_(j) is the j^(th)group, and u_(k) is the k^(th) LDPC codeword bit input to the groupinterleaver 122. In addition,

$\left\lfloor \frac{k}{360} \right\rfloor$is the largest integer below k/360.

Since 360 in these equations indicates an example of the interval M atwhich the pattern of a column group is repeated in the information wordsubmatrix, 360 in these equations can be changed to M.

The LDPC codeword which is divided into the plurality of groups may beas shown in FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 5, the LDPC codeword is divided into the plurality ofgroups and each group is formed of M number of continuous bits. When Mis 360, each of the plurality of groups may be formed of 360 bits.

Specifically, since the LDPC codeword is divided by M number ofcontinuous bits, K_(ldpc) number of information word bits are dividedinto (K_(ldpc)/M) number of groups and N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc) number ofparity bits are divided into (N_(ldpc)−K_(ldpc))/M number of groups.Accordingly, the LDPC codeword may be divided into (N_(ldpc)/M) numberof groups in total. For example, when M=360 and the length N_(ldpc) ofthe LDPC codeword is 64800, the number of groups N_(groups) is 180, and,when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is 16200, the number ofgroups N_(group) is 45.

As described above, the group interleaver 122 divides the LDPC codewordsuch that M number of continuous bits are included in a same group sincethe LDPC codeword has the same codeword characteristics on the basis ofM number of continuous bits. Accordingly, when the LDPC codeword isgrouped by M number of continuous bits, the bits having the samecodeword characteristics belong to the same group.

In the above-described example, the number of bits constituting eachgroup is M. However, this is merely an example and the number of bitsconstituting each group is variable.

For example, the number of bits constituting each group may be analiquot part of M. That is, the number of bits constituting each groupmay be an aliquot part of the number of columns constituting a columngroup of the information word submatrix of the parity check matrix. Inthis case, each group may be formed of aliquot part of M number of bits.For example, when the number of columns constituting a column group ofthe information word submatrix is 360, that is, M=360, the groupinterleaver 122 may divide the LDPC codeword into a plurality of groupssuch that the number of bits constituting each group is one of thealiquot parts of 360.

Hereinafter, the case in which the number of bits constituting a groupis M will be explained for convenience of explanation.

Thereafter, the group interleaver 122 interleaves the LDPC codeword ingroup units. That is, the group interleaver 122 changes positions of theplurality of groups constituting the LDPC codeword and rearranges theorder of the plurality of groups constituting the LDPC codeword.

In this case, the group interleaver 122 may rearrange the order of theplurality of groups by using Equation 11 presented below:Y _(j) =X _(π(j))(0≤j<N _(group))  (11),where X_(j) is the j^(th) group before group interleaving, and Y_(j) isthe j^(th) group after group interleaving. In addition, π(j) is aparameter indicating an interleaving order and is determined by at leastone of a length of an LDPC codeword, a code rate and a modulationmethod.

Accordingly, X_(π(j)) is a π(j)^(th) group before group interleaving,and Equation 11 means that the pre-interleaving π(j)^(th) group isinterleaved into the j^(th) group.

According to an exemplary embodiment, an example of π(j) may be definedas in Tables 21 to 25 presented below.

In this case, π(j) is defined according to a length of an LPDC codewordand a code rate, and a parity check matrix is also defined according toa length of an LDPC codeword and a code rate. Accordingly, when LDPCencoding is performed based on a specific parity check matrix accordingto a length of an LDPC codeword and a code rate, the LDPC codeword maybe interleaved in group units based on π(j) satisfying the correspondinglength of the LDPC codeword and code rate.

For example, when the encoder 110 performs LDPC encoding at a code rateof 10/15 to generate an LDPC codeword of a length of 16200, the groupinterleaver 122 may perform interleaving by using π(j) which is definedaccording to the length of the LDPC codeword of 16200 and the code rateof 10/15 in tables 21 to 25 presented below.

For example, when the length of the LDPC codeword is 16200, the coderate is 10/15, and the modulation method is 16-Quadrature AmplitudeModulation (QAM), the group interleaver 122 may perform interleaving byusing π(j) defined as in table 21.

An example of π(j) is as follows:

For example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is 16200, thecode rate is 10/15, 11/15, 12/15 and 13/15, and the modulation method is16-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 21 presented below:

TABLE 21 Order of bits group to be block interleaved Code Rate π(j) (0 ≤j < 45) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 10/15, 35 3139 19 29 20 36 0 9 13 5 37 17 43 21 41 25 1 33 24 12 30 16 11/15, 32 1028 4 26 8 40 42 3 6 2 38 14 34 22 18 27 23 7 11 15 44 12/15, 13/15

In the case of Table 21, Equation 11 may be expressed asY₀=X_(π(0))=X₃₅, Y₁=X_(π(1))=X₃₁, Y₂=X_(π(2))=X₃₉, . . . ,Y₄₃=X_(π(43))=X₁₅, and Y₄₄=X_(π(44))=X₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups bychanging the 35^(th) group to the 0^(th) group, the 31^(st) group to the1^(st) group, the 39^(th) group to the 2^(nd) group, . . . , the 15^(th)group to the 43-^(rd) group, and the 44^(th) group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate is 6/15, 7/15, 8/15 and 9/15, and the modulationmethod is 16-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 22 presented below:

TABLE 22 Order of bits group to be block interleaved Code Rate π(j) (0 ≤j < 45) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 6/15, 18 3141 35 1 8 15 40 14 33 26 39 30 13 24 19 6 25 12 37 36 20 9 7/15, 2 5 2823 3 29 32 22 27 0 10 17 4 38 16 21 7 11 34 42 43 44 8/15, 9/15

In the case of Table 22, Equation 11 may be expressed asY₀=X_(π(0))=X₁₈, Y₁=X_(π(1))=X₃₁, Y₂=X_(π(2))=X₄₁, . . . ,Y₄₃=X_(π(43))=X₄₃, and Y₄₄=X_(π(44))=X₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups bychanging the 18^(th) group to the 0^(th) group, the 31^(st) group to the1^(st) group, the 41^(st) group to the 2^(nd) group, . . . , the 43^(rd)group to the 43^(rd) group, and the 44^(th) group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate is 10/15, 11/15, 12/15 and 13/15, and themodulation method is 256-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 23presented below:

TABLE 23 Order of bits group to be block interleaved Code Rate π(j) (0 ≤j < 45) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 10/15, 4 1331 37 32 28 1 10 3 21 18 17 11 16 35 2 29 25 19 33 36 8 5 11/15, 34 2427 9 12 0 26 30 38 14 15 20 7 39 6 23 22 40 41 42 43 44 12/15, 13/15

In the case of Table 23, Equation 11 may be expressed as Y₀=X_(π(0))=X₄,Y₁=X_(π(1))=X₁₃, Y₂=X_(π(2))=X₃₁, . . . , Y₄₃=X_(π(43))=X₄₃, andY₄₄=X_(π(44))=X₄₄. Accordingly, the group interleaver 122 may rearrangethe order of the plurality of groups by changing the 4^(th) group to the0^(th) group, the 13^(th) group to the 1^(st) group, the 31^(st) groupto the 2^(nd) group, . . . , the 43^(rd) group to the 43^(rd) group, andthe 44^(th) group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate is 6/15, 7/15, 8/15 and 9/15, and the modulationmethod is 1024-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 24 presented below:

TABLE 24 Order of bits group to be block interleaved Code Rate π(j) (0 ≤j < 45) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 6/15, 10 228 33 6 24 25 31 14 15 22 17 20 1 30 21 0 11 13 32 23 34 12 7/15, 35 4 329 16 38 7 9 36 8 5 37 19 26 18 27 39 40 41 42 43 44 8/15, 9/15In the case of Table 24, Equation 11 may be expressed asY₀=X_(π(0))=X₁₀, Y₁=X_(π(1))=X₂, Y₂=X_(π(2))=X₂₈, . . . ,Y₄₃=X_(π(43))=X₄₃, and Y₄₄=X_(π(44))=X₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups bychanging the 10^(th) group to the 0th group, the 2^(nd) group to the1^(st) group, the 28^(th) group to the 2^(nd) group, . . . , the 43^(rd)group to the 43^(rd) group, and the 44^(th) group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is64800, the code rate is 6/15, 7/15, 8/15 and 9/15, and the modulationmethod is 256-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 25 presented below:

TABLE 25 Code Order of bits group to be block interleaved Rate π(j) (0 ≤j < 180) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 4748 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 7172 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 9596 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 7/15, 9 6 160 78 1 35 102104 86 145 111 58 166 161 92 2 124 74 117 19 168 73 122 6/15 32 139 4240 105 100 144 115 154 136 97 155 24 41 138 128 89 50 80 49 26 64 758/15, 169 146 0 33 98 72 59 120 173 96 43 129 48 10 147 8 25 56 83 16 67114 112 9/15 90 152 11 174 29 110 143 5 38 85 70 47 133 94 53 99 162 27170 163 57 131 34 107 66 171 130 65 3 17 37 121 18 113 51 153 101 81 1234 21 46 55 20 88 15 108 165 158 87 137 12 127 68 69 82 159 76 54 157 119140 93 106 62 95 164 141 150 23 172 91 71 61 126 60 103 149 84 118 39 77116 22 28 63 45 44 151 134 52 175 142 148 167 109 31 156 14 79 36 125135 132 30 7 13 179 178 177 176

In the case of Table 25, Equation 11 may be expressed as Y₀=X_(π(0))=X₉,Y₁=X_(π(1))=X₆, Y₂=X_(π(2))=X₁₆₀, . . . , Y₁₇₈=X_(π(178))=X₁₇₇, andY₁₇₉=X_(π(179))=X₁₇₆. Accordingly, the group interleaver 122 mayrearrange the order of the plurality of groups by changing the 9^(th)group to the 0^(th) group, the 6^(th) group to the 1^(st) group, the160^(th) group to the 2^(nd) group, . . . , the 177^(th) group to the178^(th) group, and the 176^(th) group to the 179^(th) group.

As described above, the group interleaver 122 may rearrange the order ofthe plurality of groups by using Equation 11 and Tables 21 to 25.

On the other hand, since the order of the groups constituting the LDPCcodeword is rearranged by the group interleaver 122, and then the groupsare block-interleaved by the block interleaver 124, which will bedescribed below, “Order of bits groups to be block interleaved” is setforth in Tables 21 to 25 in relation to π(j).

The LDPC codeword which is group-interleaved in the above-describedmethod is illustrated in FIG. 6. Comparing the LDPC codeword of FIG. 6and the LDPC codeword of FIG. 5 before group interleaving, it can beseen that the order of the plurality of groups constituting the LDPCcodeword is rearranged.

That is, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the groups of the LDPC codeword arearranged in order of group X₀, group X₁, . . . , group X_(Ngroup−1)before being group-interleaved, and are arranged in an order of groupY₀, group Y₁, . . . , group Y_(Ngroup−1) after being group-interleaved.In this case, the order of arranging the groups by the groupinterleaving may be determined based on Tables 21 to 25.

The group twist interleaver 123 interleaves bits in a same group. Thatis, the group twist interleaver 123 may rearrange the order of the bitsin the same group by changing the order of the bits in the same group.

In this case, the group twist interleaver 123 may rearrange the order ofthe bits in the same group by cyclic-shifting a predetermined number ofbits from among the bits in the same group.

For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the group twist interleaver 123 maycyclic-shift bits included in the group Y₁ to the right by 1 bit. Inthis case, the bits located in the 0^(th) position, the 1^(st) position,the 2^(nd) position, . . . , the 358^(th) position, and the 359^(th)position in the group Y₁ as shown in FIG. 7 are cyclic-shifted to theright by 1 bit. As a result, the bit located in the 359^(th) positionbefore being cyclic-shifted is located in the front of the group Y₁ andthe bits located in the 0^(th) position, the 1^(st) position, the 2^(nd)position, . . . , the 358^(th) position before being cyclic-shifted areshifted to the right serially by 1 bit and located.

In addition, the group twist interleaver 123 may rearrange the order ofbits in each group by cyclic-shifting a different number of bits in eachgroup.

For example, the group twist interleaver 123 may cyclic-shift the bitsincluded in the group Y₁ to the right by 1 bit, and may cyclic-shift thebits included in the group Y₂ to the right by 3 bits.

However, the above-described group twist interleaver 123 may be omittedaccording to circumstances.

In addition, the group twist interleaver 123 is placed after the groupinterleaver 122 in the above-described example. However, this is merelyan example. That is, the group twist interleaver 123 changes only theorder of bits in a certain group and does not change the order of thegroups. Therefore, the group twist interleaver 123 may be placed beforethe group interleaver 122.

The block interleaver 124 interleaves the plurality of groups the orderof which has been rearranged. Specifically, the block interleaver 124may interleave the plurality of groups the order of which has beenrearranged by the group interleaver 122.

Herein, the number of groups which are interleaved in group units may bedetermined by at least one of the number of rows and columnsconstituting the block interleaver 124, the number of groups and thenumber of bits included in each group. In other words, the blockinterleaver 124 may determine the groups which are to be interleaved ingroup units considering at least one of the number of rows and columnsconstituting the block interleaver 124, the number of groups and thenumber of bits included in each group, interleave the correspondinggroups in group units, and divide and interleave the remaining groups.

Meanwhile, interleaving groups in group units means that the bitsincluded in the same group are written in the same column. In otherwords, the block interleaver 124 may not divide the bits included in thegroups which are interleaved in group units and write the bits in thesame column, and may divide the bits in the groups which are notinterleaved in group units and write the bits in different columns.

The specific interleaving method will be described later.

In this case, the group twist interleaver 123 changes only the order ofbits in the same group and does not change the order of groups byinterleaving. Accordingly, the order of the groups to beblock-interleaved by the block interleaver 124, that is, the order ofthe groups to be input to the block interleaver 124, may be determinedby the group interleaver 122. Specifically, the order of the groups tobe block-interleaved by the block interleaver 124 may be determined byπ(j) defined in Tables 21 to 25.

The block interleaver 124 may be formed of a plurality of columns eachincluding a plurality of rows, and may divide the plurality of columnsinto at least two parts and interleave an LDPC codeword.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 may divide each of the pluralityof columns into N number of parts (N is an integer greater than or equalto 2) according to whether the number of groups constituting the LDPCcodeword is an integer multiple of the number of columns constitutingthe block interleaver 124, and may perform interleaving.

When the number of groups constituting the LDPC codeword is an integermultiple of the number of columns constituting the block interleaver124, the block interleaver 124 may interleave the plurality of groupsconstituting the LDPC codeword in group units without dividing each ofthe plurality of columns into parts.

Specifically, the block interleaver 124 may interleave by writing theplurality of groups of the LDPC codeword on each of the columns in groupunits in a column direction, and reading each row of the plurality ofcolumns in which the plurality of groups are written in group units in arow direction.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 may interleave by writing bitsincluded in a predetermined number of groups which corresponds to thenumber of groups of the LDPC codeword divided by the number of columnsof the block interleaver 124 on each of the plurality of columnsserially in a column direction, and reading each row of the plurality ofcolumns in which the bits are written in a row direction.

Hereinafter, the group located in the j^(th) position after beinginterleaved by the group interleaver 122 will be referred to as groupY_(j).

For example, it is assumed that the block interleaver 124 is formed of Cnumber of columns each including R₁ number of rows. In addition, it isassumed that the LDPC codeword is formed of Y_(group) number of groupsand the number of groups Y_(group) is a multiple of C.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 may interleave by writingY_(group)/C number of groups on each column serially in a columndirection and reading bits written on each column in a row direction.

For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the block interleaver 124 writes bitsincluded in group Y₀, group Y₁, . . . , group Y_(p−1) in the 1^(st)column from the 1^(st) row to the R₁ ^(th) row, writes bits included ingroup Y_(p), group Y_(p+1), . . . , group Y_(q−1) in the 2nd column fromthe 1^(st) row to the R₁ ^(th) row, . . . , and writes bits included ingroup Y_(z), Y_(z+1), . . . , group Y_(Ngroup−1) in the column C fromthe 1^(st) row to the R₁ ^(th) row. The block interleaver 124 may readthe bits written in each row of the plurality of columns in a rowdirection.

Accordingly, the block interleaver 124 interleaves all groupsconstituting the LDPC codeword in group units.

However, when the number of groups of the LDPC codeword is not aninteger multiple of the number of columns of the block interleaver 124,the block interleaver 124 may interleave a part of the plurality ofgroups of the LDPC codeword in group units by dividing each column into2 parts. In this case, the remaining groups are not interleaved in groupunits, but interleaved by being divided according to the number ofcolumns.

That is, the block interleaver 124 may interleave the LDPC codeword bydividing each of the plurality of columns into two parts.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 may divide the plurality ofcolumns into a first part (part 1) and a second part (part 2) based onthe number of columns of the block interleaver 124 and the number ofbits of each of the plurality of groups.

Here, each of the plurality of groups may be formed of 360 bits. Inaddition, the number of columns constituting the block interleaver 124may be determined according to a modulation method. This will beexplained in detail below.

That is, the number of rows constituting each of the first part and thesecond part may be determined based on the number of columnsconstituting the block interleaver 124 and the number of bitsconstituting each of the plurality of groups.

Specifically, in each of the plurality of columns, the first part may beformed of as many rows as the number of bits included in at least onegroup which can be written in each column in group units from among theplurality of groups of the LDPC codeword, according to the number ofcolumns constituting the block interleaver 124 and the number of bitsconstituting each of the plurality of groups. In each of the pluralityof columns, the second part may be formed of rows excluding as many rowsas the number of bits included in at least some groups which can bewritten in each of the plurality of columns in group units.

That is, the block interleaver 124 may divide each of the plurality ofcolumns into the first part including as many rows as the number of bitsincluded in groups which can be written in each column in group units,and the second part including the other rows.

Accordingly, the first part may be formed of as many rows as the numberof bits included in groups, that is, as many rows as an integer multipleof M. However, since the number of codeword bits constituting each groupmay be an aliquot part of M as described above, the first part may beformed of as many rows as an integer multiple of the number of bitsconstituting each group.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 may interleave by writing andreading the LDPC codeword in the first part and the second part in thesame method.

Specifically, the block interleaver 124 may interleave by writing theLDPC codeword in the plurality of columns constituting each of the firstpart and the second part in a column direction, and reading theplurality of columns consisting the first part and the second part inwhich the LDPC codeword is written in a row direction.

That is, the block interleaver may interleave by writing at least somegroups which can be written in each of the plurality of columns in groupunits in each of the plurality of columns of the first part in a columndirection, dividing the other groups except the at least some groups andwriting in each of the plurality of columns of the second part in acolumn direction, and reading the bits written in each of the pluralityof columns constituting each of the first part and the second part in arow direction.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 may divide the other groupsexcept the at least some groups from among the plurality of groups basedon the number of columns constituting the block interleaver 124. Thatis, the block interleaver 124 may divide the bits included in the othergroups except the groups written in the first part from among theplurality of groups of the LDPC codeword by the number of columns, andmay write the divided bits in each column of the second part serially ina column direction.

For example, it is assumed that the block interleaver 124 is formed of Cnumber of columns each including R₁ number of rows. In addition, it isassumed that the LDPC codeword is formed of Y_(group) number of groups,the number of groups Y_(group) is not a multiple of C, andA×C+1=Y_(group) (A is an integer greater than 0).

In this case, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the block interleaver 124 maydivide each column into a first part including R₁ number of rows and asecond part including R₂ number of rows. In this case, R₁ may correspondto the number of bits included in groups which can be written in eachcolumn in group units, and R₂ may be R₁ subtracted from the number ofrows of each column.

That is, in the above-described example, the number of groups which canbe written in each column in group units is A, and the first part ofeach column may be formed of as many rows as the number of bits includedin A number of groups, that is, may be formed of as many rows as A×Mnumber.

In this case, the block interleaver 124 writes the bits included in thegroups which can be written in each column in group units, that is, Anumber of groups, in the first part of each column in the columndirection.

That is, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the block interleaver 124 writesthe bits included in each of group Y₀, group Y₁, . . . , group Y_(n−)inthe 1^(st) to R₁ ^(th) rows of the first part of the 1^(st) column,writes bits included in each of group Y_(n), group Y_(n+1), . . . ,group Y_(m−1) in the 1^(st) to R₁ ^(th) rows of the first part of the2^(nd) column, . . . , writes bits included in each of group Y_(e),group Y_(e+1), . . . , group Y_(Ngroup−2) in the 1^(st) to R₁ ^(th) rowsof the first part of the column C.

As described above, the block interleaver 124 writes the bits includedin the groups which can be written in each column in group units in thefirst part of each column in in group units.

Thereafter, the block interleaver 124 divides bits included in the othergroups except the groups written in the first part of each column fromamong the plurality of groups, and writes the bits in the second part ofeach column in the column direction. In this case, the block interleaver124 divides the bits included in the other groups except the groupswritten in the first part of each column by the number of columns, sothat the same number of bits are written in the second part of eachcolumn, and writes the divided bits in the second part of each column inthe column direction.

In the above-described example, since A×C+1=Y_(group), the last groupY_(Ngroup−1) of the LDPC codeword is not written in the first part andremains. Accordingly, the block interleaver 124 divides the bitsincluded in the group Y_(Ngroup−1) by C as shown in FIG. 9, and writesthe divided bits in the second part of each column serially.

That is, the block interleaver 124 writes the bits in the 1^(st) to R₂^(th) rows of the second part of the 1^(st) column, writes the bits inthe 1^(st) to R₂ ^(th) rows of the second part of the 2^(nd) column, . .. , etc., and writes the bits in the 1^(st) to R₂ ^(th) rows of thesecond part of the column C. In this case, the block interleaver 124 maywrite the bits in the second part of each column in the column directionas shown in FIG. 9. That is, in the second part, the bits constitutingthe bit group may not be written in the same column and may be writtenin the plurality of columns.

In the above-described example, the block interleaver 124 writes thebits in the second part in the column direction. However, this is merelyan example. That is, the block interleaver 124 may write the bits in theplurality of columns of the second parts in a row direction. In thiscase, the block interleaver 124 may write the bits in the first part inthe same method as described above.

Specifically, referring to FIG. 10, the block interleaver 124 writes thebits from the 1^(st) row of the second part in the 1^(st) column to the1^(st) row of the second part in the column C, writes the bits from the2^(nd) row of the second part in the 1^(st) column to the 2^(nd) row ofthe second part in the column C, . . . , etc., and writes the bits fromthe R₂ ^(th) row of the second part in the 1^(st) column to the R₂ ^(th)row of the second part in the column C.

On the other hand, the block interleaver 124 reads the bits written ineach row of each part serially in the row direction. That is, as shownin FIGS. 9 and 10, the block interleaver 124 reads the bits written ineach row of the first part of the plurality of columns serially in therow direction, and reads the bits written in each row of the second partof the plurality of columns serially in the row direction.

Accordingly, the block interleaver 124 may interleave a part of aplurality of groups constituting the LDPC codeword in group units, anddivide and interleave the remaining groups.

As described above, the block interleaver 124 may interleave theplurality of groups in the methods described above with reference toFIGS. 8 to 10.

In particular, in the case of FIG. 9, the bits included in the groupwhich does not belong to the first part are written in the second partin the column direction and read in the row direction. In view of this,the order of the bits included in the group which does not belong to thefirst part is rearranged. Since the bits included in the group whichdoes not belong to the first part are interleaved as described above,Bit Error Rate (BER)/Frame Error Rate (FER) performance can be improvedin comparison with a case in which such bits are not interleaved.

However, the group which does not belong to the first part may not beinterleaved as shown in FIG. 10. That is, since the block interleaver124 writes and read the bits included in the group which does not belongto the first part on and from the second part in the row direction, theorder of the bits included in the group which does not belong to thefirst part is not changed and the bits are output to the modulator 130serially. In this case, the bits included in the group which does notbelong to the first part may be output serially and mapped onto amodulation symbol.

In FIGS. 9 and 10, the last single group of the plurality of groups iswritten in the second part. However, this is merely an example. Thenumber of groups written in the second part may vary according to thetotal number of groups of the LDPC codeword, the number of columns androws, the number of transmission antennas, etc.

The block interleaver 124 may have a different configuration accordingto whether bits included in a same group are mapped onto a single bit ofeach modulation symbol or bits included in a same group are mapped ontotwo bits of each modulation symbol.

On the other hand, in the case of a transceiving system using aplurality of antennas, the number of columns constituting the blockinterleaver 124 may be determined by considering the number of bitsconstituting a modulation symbol and the number of used antennassimultaneously. For example, when bits included in a same group aremapped onto a single bit in a modulation symbol and two antennas areused, the block interleaver 124 may determine the number of columns tobe two times the number of bits constituting the modulation symbol.

First, when bits included in the same group are mapped onto a single bitof each modulation symbol, the block interleaver 124 may haveconfigurations as shown in Tables 26 and 27:

TABLE 26 N_(ldpc) = 64800 16 64 256 1024 4096 QPSK QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM C2 4 6 8 10 12 R₁ 32400 16200 10800 7920 6480 5400 R₂ 0 0 0 180 0 0

TABLE 27 N_(ldpc) = 16200 16 64 256 1024 4096 QPSK QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM C2 4 6 8 10 12 R₁ 7920 3960 2520 1800 1440 1080 R₂ 180 90 180 225 180 270

Herein, C (or N_(C)) is the number of columns of the block interleaver124, R₁ is the number of rows constituting the first part in eachcolumn, and R₂ is the number of rows constituting the second part ineach column.

Referring to Tables 26 and 27, when the number of groups constituting anLDPC codeword is an integer multiple of the number of columns, the blockinterleaver 124 interleaves without dividing each column. Therefore, R₁corresponds to the number of rows constituting each column, and R₂ is 0.In addition, when the number of groups constituting an LDPC codeword isnot an integer multiple of the number of columns, the block interleaver124 interleaves the groups by dividing each column into the first partformed of R₁ number of rows, and the second part formed of R₂ number ofrows.

When the number of columns of the block interleaver 124 is equal to thenumber of bits constituting a modulation symbol, bits included in a samegroup are mapped onto a single bit of each modulation symbol as shown inTables 26 and 27.

For example, when N_(ldpc)=64800 and the modulation method is 16-QAM,the block interleaver 124 may use four (4) columns each including 16200rows. In this case, a plurality of groups of an LDPC codeword arewritten in the four (4) columns in group units and bits written in thesame row in each column are output serially. In this case, since four(4) bits constitute a single modulation symbol in the modulation methodof 16-QAM, bits included in the same group, that is, bits output from asingle column, may be mapped onto a single bit of each modulationsymbol. For example, bits included in a group written in the 1st columnmay be mapped onto the first bit of each modulation symbol.

On the other hand, when bits included in a same group are mapped ontotwo bits of each modulation symbol, the block interleaver 124 may haveconfigurations as shown in Tables 28 and 29:

TABLE 28 N_(ldpc) = 64800 16 64 1024 4096 QPSK QAM QAM 256QAM QAM QAM C1 2 3 4 5 6 R₁ 64800 32400 21600 16200 12960 10800 R₂ 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE 29 N_(ldpc) = 16200 16 64 256 1024 4096 QPSK QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM C1 2 3 4 5 6 R₁ 16200 7920 5400 3960 3240 2520 R₂ 0 180 0 90 0 180

Herein, C (or N_(C)) is the number of columns of the block interleaver124, R₁ is the number of rows constituting the first part in eachcolumn, and R₂ is the number of rows constituting the second part ineach column.

Referring to Tables 28 and 29, when the number of groups constituting anLDPC codeword is an integer multiple of the number of columns, the blockinterleaver 124 interleaves without dividing each column. Therefore, R₁corresponds to the number of rows constituting each column, and R₂ is 0.In addition, when the number of groups constituting an LDPC codeword isnot an integer multiple of the number of columns, the block interleaver124 interleaves the groups by dividing each column into the first partformed of R₁ number of rows, and the second part formed of R₂ number ofrows.

When the number of columns of the block interleaver 124 is half of thenumber of bits constituting a modulation symbol as shown in Tables 28and 29, bits included in a same group are mapped onto two bits of eachmodulation symbol.

For example, when N_(ldpc)=64800 and the modulation method is 16-QAM,the block interleaver 124 may use two (2) columns each including 32400rows. In this case, a plurality of groups of an LDPC codeword arewritten in the two (2) columns in group units and bits written in thesame row in each column are output serially. Since four (4) bitsconstitute a single modulation symbol in the modulation method of16-QAM, bits output from two rows constitute a single modulation symbol.Accordingly, bits included in the same group, that is, bits output froma single column, may be mapped onto two bits of each modulation symbol.For example, bits included in a group written in the 1^(st) column maybe mapped onto bits existing in any two positions of each modulationsymbol.

Referring to Tables 26 to 29, the total number of rows of the blockinterleaver 124, that is, R₁+R₂, is N_(ldpc)/C.

In addition, the number of rows of the first part, R₁, is an integermultiple of the number of bits included in each group, M (e.g., M=360),and may be expressed as └N_(group)/C┘×M, and the number of rows of thesecond part, R₂, may be N_(ldpc)/C−R₁. Herein, └N_(group)/C┘ is thelargest integer below N_(ldpc)/C. Since R₁ is an integer multiple of thenumber of bits included in each group, M, bits may be written in R₁ ingroup units.

In addition, when the number of groups of an LDPC codeword is not amultiple of the number of columns, it can be seen from Tables 26 to 29that the block interleaver 124 interleaves a plurality of groups of theLDPC codeword by dividing each column into two parts.

Specifically, the length of an LDPC codeword divided by the number ofcolumns is the total number of rows included in the each column. In thiscase, when the number of groups of the LDPC codeword is a multiple ofthe number of columns, each column is not divided into two parts.However, when the number of groups of the LDPC codeword is not amultiple of the number of columns, each column is divided into twoparts.

For example, it is assumed that the number of columns of the blockinterleaver 124 is identical to the number of bits constituting amodulation symbol, and an LDPC codeword is formed of 64800 bits as shownin Table 26. In this case, each group of the LDPC codeword is formed of360 bits, and the LDPC codeword is formed of 64800/360(=180) groups.

When the modulation method is 16-QAM, the block interleaver 124 may usefour (4) columns and each column may have 64800/4(=16200) rows.

In this case, since the number of groups of an LDPC codeword divided bythe number of columns is 180/4(=45), bits can be written in each columnin group units without dividing each column into two parts. That is,bits included in 45 groups, that is, 45×360(=16200) bits can be writtenin each column.

However, when the modulation method is 256-QAM, the block interleaver124 may use eight (8) columns and each column may have 64800/8(=8100)rows.

In this case, since the number of groups of an LDPC codeword divided bythe number of columns is 180/8=22.5, the number of groups constitutingthe LDPC codeword is not an integer multiple of the number of columns.Accordingly, the block interleaver 124 divides each of the eight (8)columns into two parts to perform interleaving in group units.

In this case, since the bits should be written in the first part of eachcolumn in group units, the number of groups which can be written in thefirst part of each column in group units is 22, and accordingly, thefirst part of each column has 22×360(=7920) rows. Accordingly, 7920 bitsincluded in 22 groups may be written in the first part of each column.

The second part of each column has rows which are the rows of the firstpart subtracted from the total rows of each column. Accordingly, thesecond part of each column includes 8100−7920(=180) rows.

In this case, the bits included in the other group which has not beenwritten in the first part are divided and written in the second part ofeach column.

Specifically, since 22×8(=176) groups are written in the first part, thenumber of groups to be written in the second part is 180−176 (=4) (forexample, group Y₁₇₆, group Y₁₇₇, group Y₁₇₈, and group Y₁₇₉ from amonggroup Y₀, group Y₁, group Y₂, . . . , group Y₁₇₈, and group Y₁₇₉constituting an LDPC codeword).

Accordingly, the block interleaver 124 may write the four (4) groupswhich have not been written in the first part and remains from among thegroups constituting the LDPC codeword in the second part of each columnserially.

That is, the block interleaver 124 may write 180 bits of the 360 bitsincluded in the group Y₁₇₆ in the 1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of thesecond part of the 1^(st) column in the column direction, and may writethe other 180 bits in the 1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of the secondpart of the 2^(nd) column in the column direction. In addition, theblock interleaver 124 may write 180 bits of the 360 bits included in thegroup Y₁₇₇ in the 1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of the second part ofthe 3^(rd) column in the column direction, and may write the other 180bits in the 1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of the second part of the4^(th) column in the column direction. In addition, the blockinterleaver 124 may write 180 bits of the 360 bits included in the groupY₁₇₈ in the 1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of the second part of the5^(th) column in the column direction, and may write the other 180 bitsin the 1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of the second part of the 6^(th)column in the column direction. In addition, the block interleaver 124may write 180 bits of the 360 bits included in the group Y₁₇₉ in the1^(st) row to the 180^(th) row of the second part of the 7^(th) columnin the column direction, and may write the other 180 bits in the 1^(st)row to the 180^(th) row of the second part of the 8^(th) column in thecolumn direction.

Accordingly, the bits included in the group which has not been writtenin the first part and remains are not written in the same column in thesecond part and may be divided and written in the plurality of columns.

Hereinafter, the block interleaver of FIG. 4 according to an exemplaryembodiment will be explained in detail with reference to FIG. 11.

In a group-interleaved LDPC codeword (v₀, v₁, . . . , v_(N) _(ldpc) ⁻¹),Y_(j) is continuously arranged like V={Y₀, Y₁, . . . Y_(N) _(group) ⁻¹}.

The LDPC codeword after group interleaving may be interleaved by theblock interleaver 124 as shown in FIG. 11. Specifically, an input bitv_(i) is written from the first part to the second part serially in acolumn direction, and is read from the first part to the second partserially in a row direction.

In this case, the number of columns and the number of rows of the firstpart and the second part of the block interleaver 124 vary according toa modulation method as in Table 51 presented below.

Herein, a sum of the number of rows of the first part, N_(r1) and thenumber of rows of the second part, N_(r2), is equal to N_(ldpc)/N_(C)(herein, N_(C) is the number of columns). In addition, since N_(r1) is amultiple of 360, a plurality of bit groups may be written in the firstpart.

TABLE 30 Rows in Part 1 N_(r1) Rows in Part 2 N_(r2) Columns ModulationN_(ldpc) = 64800 N_(ldpc) = 16200 N_(ldpc) = 64800 N_(ldpc) = 16200N_(c)  16-QAM 16200 3960 0 90 4  64-QAM 10800 2520 0 180 6  256-QAM 79201800 180 225 8 1024-QAM 6480 1440 0 180 10

Hereinafter, an operation of the block interleaver 124 will be explainedin detail.

Specifically, as shown in FIG. 11, the input bit v_(i)(0≤i<N_(C)×N_(r1)) is written in r₁ row of c_(i) column of the firstpart of the block interleaver 124. Herein, c_(i) and r_(i) are

$c_{i}\left\lfloor \frac{i}{N_{r\; 1}} \right\rfloor$and r_(i)=(i mod N_(r1)), respectively.

In addition, the input bit v_(i) (N_(C)×N_(r1)≤i<N_(ldpc)) is written inan r_(i) row of c_(i) column of the second part of the block interleaver124. Herein, c_(i) and r_(i) are

$c_{i}\left\lfloor \frac{\left( {i - {N_{C} \times N_{r\; 1}}} \right)}{N_{r\; 2}} \right\rfloor$and r_(i)=N_(r1)+{(i−N_(C)×N_(r1))mod N_(r2)}, respectively.

An output bit q_(j) (0≤j<N_(ldpc)) is read from c_(j) column of r_(j)row. Herein, r_(j) and c_(j) are

$r_{j}\left\lfloor \frac{j}{N_{c}} \right\rfloor$and c_(j)=(j mod N_(C)), respectively.

For example, when the length N_(ldpc) of an LDPC codeword is 64800 andthe modulation method is 256-QAM, an order of bits output from the blockinterleaver 124 may be (q₀,q₁,q₂, . . . ,q₆₃₃₅₇,q₆₃₃₅₈,q₆₃₃₅₉,q₆₃₃₆₀,q₆₃₃₆₁, . . . , q₆₄₇₉₉)=(v₀,v₇₉₂₀,v₁₅₈₄₀, .. . , v₄₇₅₁₉,v₅₅₄₃₉,v₆₃₃₅₉,v₆₃₃₆₀,v₆₃₅₄₀, . . . , v₆₄₇₉₉). Herein, theindexes of the right side of the foregoing equation may be specificallyexpressed for the eight (8) columns as 0, 7920, 15840, 23760, 31680,39600, 47520, 55440, 1, 7921, 15841, 23761, 31681, 39601, 47521, 55441,. . . , 7919, 15839, 23759, 31679, 39599, 47519, 55439, 63359, 63360,63540, 63720, 63900, 64080, 64260, 64440, 64620, . . . , 63539, 63719,63899, 64079, 64259, 64439, 64619, 64799.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the modulator 130 modulates an interleavedLDPC codeword according to a modulation method to generate a modulationsymbol. Specifically, the modulator 130 may demultiplex the interleavedLDPC codeword and modulate the demultiplexed LDPC codeword and map itonto a constellation, thereby generating a modulation symbol.

In this case, the modulator 130 may generate a modulation symbol usingbits included in each of a plurality of groups.

In other words, as described above, the bits included in differentgroups are written in each column of the block interleaver 124, and theblock interleaver 124 reads the bits written in each column in a rowdirection. In this case, the modulator 130 generates a modulation symbolby mapping the bits read in each column onto each bit of the modulationsymbol. Accordingly, each bit of the modulation symbol belongs to adifferent group.

For example, it is assumed that the modulation symbol consists of C bits(C refers to the number of bits). In this case, the bits which are readfrom each row of C columns of the block interleaver 124 may be mappedonto each bit of the modulation symbol and thus, each bit of themodulation symbol consisting of C bits belong to C different groups.

Hereinbelow, the above feature will be described in greater detail.

First, the modulator 130 demultiplexes the interleaved LDPC codeword. Toachieve this, the modulator 130 may include a demultiplexer (not shown)to demultiplex the interleaved LDPC codeword.

The demultiplexer (not shown) demultiplexes the interleaved LDPCcodeword. Specifically, the demultiplexer (not shown) performsserial-to-parallel conversion with respect to the interleaved LDPCcodeword, and demultiplexes the interleaved LDPC codeword into a cellhaving a predetermined number of bits (or a data cell).

For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the demultiplexer (not shown) receivesthe LDPC codeword Q=(q₀, q₁, q₂, . . . ) output from the interleaver120, outputs the received LDPC codeword bits to one of a plurality ofsubstreams serially, converts the input LDPC codeword bits into cells,and outputs the cells.

Herein, the number of substreams, N_(substreams), may be equal to thenumber of bits constituting a modulation symbol, η_(mod), and the numberof bits constituting the cell may be equal to N_(ldpc)/η_(mod). η_(mod)varying according to a modulation method and the number of cellsgenerated according to the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword are asin Table 31 presented below:

TABLE 31 Number of output Number of output data cells for N_(ldpc) =data cells for N_(ldpc) = Modulation mode η_(MOD) 64 800 16 200 QPSK 232 400 8 100  16-QAM 4 16 200 4 050  64-QAM 6 10 800 2 700  256-QAM 8  8100 2 025 1024-QAM 10  6 480 1 620

Bits having the same index in each of the plurality of sub-streams mayconstitute a same cell. That is, in FIG. 12, each cell may be expressedas (y_(0,0), y_(1,0), . . . , y_(η MOD−1,0)), (y_(0,1), y_(1,1), . . . ,y_(η MOD−1,1)).

The demultiplexer (not shown) may demultiplex input LDPC codeword bitsin various methods. That is, the demultiplexer (not shown) may change anorder of the LDPC codeword bits and output the bits to each of theplurality of substreams, or may output the bits to each of the pluralityof streams serially without changing the order of the LDPC codewordbits. These operations may be determined according to the number ofcolumns used for interleaving in the block interleaver 124.

Specifically, when the block interleaver 124 includes as many columns ashalf of the number of bits constituting a modulation symbol, thedemultiplexer (not shown) may change the order of the input LDPCcodeword bits and output the bits to each of the plurality ofsub-streams. An example of a method for changing the order isillustrated in Table 32 presented below:

TABLE 32 Modulation QPSK format Input bit 0 1 di mod Nsubstreams output0 1 bit-number Modulation 16 QAM format Input bit 0 1 2 3 di modNsubstreams output 0 2 1 3 bit-number Modulation 64 QAM format Input bit0 1 2 3 4 5 di mod Nsubstreams output 0 3 1 4 2 5 bit-number Modulation256 QAM format Input bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 di mod Nsubstreams output 0 4 15 2 6 3 7 bit-number Modulation 1024 QAM format Input bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 di mod Nsubstreams output 0 5 1 6 2 7 8 3 4 9 bit-numberModulation 4096 QAM format Input bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 di modNsubstreams output 0 6 1 7 2 5 3 9 4 10 8 11 bit-number

According to Table 32, when the modulation method is 16-QAM for example,the number of substreams is four (4) since the number of bitsconstituting the modulation symbol is four (4) in the case of 16-QAM. Inthis case, the demultiplexer (not shown) may output, from among theserially input bits, bits with an index i satisfying i mod 4=0 to the0^(th) substream, bits with an index i satisfying i mod 4=1 to the2^(nd) substream, bits with an index i satisfying i mode 4=2 to the1^(st) substream, and bits with an index i satisfying i mode 4=3 to the3^(rd) substream.

Accordingly, the LDPC codeword bits input to the demultiplexer (notshown), (q₀, q₁, q₂, . . . ), may be output as cells like (y_(0,0),y_(1,0), y_(2,0), y_(3,0))=(q₀, q₂, q₁, q₃), (y_(0,1), y_(1,1), y_(2,1),y_(3,1))=(q₄, q₆, q₅, q₇), . . . .

When the block interleaver 124 includes the same number of columns asthe number of bits constituting a modulation symbol, the demultiplexer(not shown) may output the input LDPC codeword bits to each of theplurality of streams serially without changing the order of the bits.That is, as shown in FIG. 13, the demultiplexer (not shown) may outputthe input LDPC codeword bits (q₀, q₁, q₂, . . . ) to each of thesubstreams serially, and accordingly, each cell may be configured as(y_(0,0),y_(1,0), . . . , y_(η MOD−1,0))=(q₀,q₁, . . . , q_(η MOD−1)),(y_(0,1),y_(1,1), . . . , y_(η MOD−)1,1)=(q_(η MOD),q_(η MOD+1), . . . ,q_(η MOD−1)), . . . .

In the above-described example, the demultiplexer (not shown) outputsthe input LDPC codeword bits to each of the plurality of streamsserially without changing the order of the bits. However, this is merelyan example. That is, according to an exemplary embodiment, when theblock interleaver 124 includes the same number of columns as the numberof bits constituting a modulation symbol, the demultiplexer (not shown)may be omitted.

The modulator 130 may map the demultiplexed LDPC codeword ontomodulation symbols. However, when the demultiplexer (not shown) isomitted as described above, the modulator 130 may map LDPC codeword bitsoutput from the interleaver 120, that is, block-interleaved LDPCcodeword bits, onto modulation symbols.

The modulator 130 may modulate bits (that is, cells) output from thedemultiplexer (not shown) in various modulation methods such as QPSK,16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM, 4096-QAM, etc. When the modulationmethod is QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM and 4096-QAM, thenumber of bits constituting a modulation symbol, η_(MOD) (that is, amodulation degree), may be 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, respectively.

In this case, since each cell output from the demultiplexer (not shown)is formed of as many bits as the number of bits constituting amodulation symbol, the modulator 130 may generate a modulation symbol bymapping each cell output from the demultiplexer (not shown) onto aconstellation point serially. Herein, a modulation symbol corresponds toa constellation point on the constellation.

However, when the demultiplexer (not shown) is omitted, the modulator130 may generate modulation symbols by grouping a predetermined numberof bits from interleaved bits sequentially and mapping the predeterminednumber of bits onto constellation points. In this case, the modulator130 may generate the modulation symbols by using η_(MOD) number of bitssequentially according to a modulation method.

The modulator 130 may modulate by mapping cells output from thedemultiplexer (not shown) onto constellation points in a uniformconstellation (UC) method.

The uniform constellation method refers to a method for mapping amodulation symbol onto a constellation point so that a real numbercomponent Re(z_(q)) and an imaginary number component Im(z_(q)) of aconstellation point have symmetry and the modulation symbol is placed atequal intervals. Accordingly, at least two of modulation symbols mappedonto constellation points in the uniform constellation method may havethe same demodulation performance.

Examples of the method for generating a modulation symbol in the uniformconstellation method according to an exemplary embodiment areillustrated in Tables 33 to 40 presented below, and an example of a caseof a uniform constellation 64-QAM is illustrated in FIG. 14.

TABLE 33 y_(o,q) 1 0 Re(z_(q)) −1 1

TABLE 34 y_(o,q) 1 0 Im(z_(q)) −1 1

TABLE 35 y_(o,q) 1 1 0 0 y_(2,q) 0 1 1 0 Re(z_(q)) −3 −1 1 3

TABLE 36 y_(1,q) 1 1 0 0 y_(3,q) 0 1 1 0 Im(z_(q)) −3 −1 1 3

TABLE 37 y_(o,q) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(2,q) 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(4,q) 0 1 1 00 1 1 0 Re(z_(q)) −7 −5 −3 −1 1 3 5 7

TABLE 38 y_(1,q) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(3,q) 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(5,q) 0 1 1 00 1 1 0 Im(z_(q)) −7 −5 −3 −1 1 3 5 7

TABLE 39 y_(0, q) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y_(2, q) 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(4, q) 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(6, q) 0 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Re(z_(q)) −15 −13 −11 −9 −7 −5 −3 −1 1 3 5 79 11 13 15

TABLE 40 y_(1, q) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y_(3, q) 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(5, q) 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(7, q) 0 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Im(z_(q)) −15 −13 −11 −9 −7 −5 −3 −1 1 3 5 79 11 13 15

Tables 33 and 34 are used for determining a real number componentRe(z_(q)) and an imaginary number component Im(z_(q)) when themodulation is performed in a QPSK method, Tables 35 and 36 are used fordetermining a real number component Re(z_(q)) and an imaginary numbercomponent Im(z_(q)) when the modulation is performed in a 16-QAM method,Tables 37 and 38 are used for determining a real number componentRe(z_(q)) and an imaginary number component Im(z_(q)) when themodulation is performed in a 64-QAM method, and Tables 39 and 40 areused for determining a real number component Re(z_(q)) and an imaginarynumber component Im(z_(q)) when the modulation is performed in a 256-QAMmethod.

Referring to Tables 33 to 40, performance (e.g., reliability) variesaccording to whether a plurality of bits constituting a modulationsymbol correspond to most significant bits (MSBs) or least significantbits (LSBs).

For example, in the case of 16-QAM, from among four (4) bitsconstituting a modulation symbol, each of the first and second bitsdetermines a sign of each of the real number component Re(z_(q)) and theimaginary number component Im(z_(q)) of a constellation point onto whicha modulation symbol is mapped, and the third and fourth bits determine asize of the constellation point onto which the modulation symbol ismapped.

In this case, the first and second bits for determining the sign fromamong the four (4) bits constituting the modulation symbol have a higherreliability than the third and fourth bits for determining the size.

In another example, in the case of 64-QAM, from among six (6) bitsconstituting a modulation symbol, each of the first and second bitsdetermines a sign of each of the real number component Re(z_(q)) and theimaginary number component Im(z_(q)) of a constellation point onto whichthe modulation symbol is mapped. In addition, the third to sixth bitsdetermine a size of the constellation point onto which the modulationsymbol is mapped. From among these bits, the third and fourth bitsdetermine a relatively large size, and the fifth and sixth bitsdetermine a relatively small size (for example, the third bit determineswhich of sizes (−7, −5) and (−3, −1) corresponds to the constellationpoint onto which the modulation symbol is mapped, and, when (−7, −5) isdetermined by the third bit, the fourth bit determines which of −7 and−5 corresponds to the size of the constellation point.).

In this case, the first and second bits for determining the sign fromamong the six bits constituting the modulation symbol have the highestreliability, and the third and fourth bits for determining therelatively large size has the higher reliability than the fifth andsixth bits for determining the relatively small size.

As described above, in the case of the uniform constellation method, thebits constituting a modulation symbol have different reliabilityaccording to mapping locations in the modulation symbol.

The modulator 130 may modulate by mapping cells output from thedemultiplexer (not shown) onto constellation points in a non-uniformconstellation (NUC) method.

Specifically, the modulator 130 may modulate bits output from thedemultiplexer (not shown) in various modulation methods such asnon-uniform 16-QAM, non-uniform 64-QAM, non-uniform 256-QAM, non-uniform1024-QAM, non-uniform 4096-QAM, etc.

Hereinafter, a method for generating a modulation symbol by using thenon-uniform constellation method according to an exemplary embodimentwill be explained.

First, the non-uniform constellation method has the followingcharacteristics:

In the non-uniform constellation method, the constellation points maynot regularly be arranged unlike in the uniform constellation method.Accordingly, when the non-uniform constellation method is used,performance for a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) less than a specific valuecan be improved and a high SNR gain can be obtained in comparison to theuniform constellation method.

In addition, the characteristics of the constellation may be determinedby one or more parameters such as a distance between constellationpoints. Since the constellation points are regularly distributed in theuniform constellation, the number of parameters for specifying theuniform constellation method may be one (1). However, the number ofparameters necessary for specifying the non-uniform constellation methodis relatively larger and the number of parameters increases as theconstellation (e.g., the number of constellation points) increases.

In the case of the non-uniform constellation method, an x-axis and ay-axis may be designed to be symmetric to each other or may be designedto be asymmetric to each other. When the x-axis and the y-axis aredesigned to be asymmetric to each other, improved performance can beguaranteed, but decoding complexity may increase.

Hereinafter, an example of a case in which the x-axis and the y-axis aredesigned to be asymmetric to each other will be explained. In this case,once a constellation point of the first quadrant is defined, locationsof constellation points in the other three quadrants may be determinedas follows. For example, when a set of constellation points defined forthe first quadrant is X, the set becomes −conj(X) in the case of thesecond quadrant, becomes conj(X) in the case of the third quadrant, andbecomes −(X) in the case of the fourth quadrant.

That is, once the first quadrant is defined, the other quadrants may beexpressed as follows:

-   -   1 Quarter (first quadrant)=X    -   2 Quarter (second quadrant)=−conj(X)    -   3 Quarter (third quadrant)=conj(X)    -   4 Quarter (fourth quadrant)=−X

Specifically, when the non-uniform M-QAM is used, M number ofconstellation points may be defined as z={z₀, z₁, . . . , z_(M−1)}. Inthis case, when the constellation points existing in the first quadrantare defined as {x₀, x₁, x₂, . . . , x_(M/4−1)}, z may be defined asfollows:

-   -   from z₀ to z_(M/4−1)=from x₀ to X_(M/4)    -   from z_(M/4) to z_(2×M/4−1)=−conj(from x₀ to x_(M/4))    -   from z_(2×M/4) to z_(3×M/4−1)=conj(from x₀ to x_(M/4))    -   from z_(3×M/4) to z_(4×M/4−1)=−(from x₀ to x_(M/4))

Accordingly, the modulator 130 may map the bits [y₀, . . . , y_(m−1)]output from the demultiplexer (not shown) onto constellation points inthe non-uniform constellation method by mapping the output bits ontoz_(L) having an index of

$L = {\overset{m - 1}{\sum\limits_{i = 0}}{\left( {y_{1} \times 2^{m - 1}} \right).}}$An example of the constellation of the non-uniform constellation methodis illustrated in FIGS. 15 to 19.

An example of the method for modulating asymmetrically in thenon-uniform constellation method in the modulator 130 is illustrated asin Tables 41 to 43 presented below. That is, according to an exemplaryembodiment, modulation is performed in the non-uniform constellationmethod by defining constellation points existing in the first quadrantand defining constellations points existing in the other quadrants basedon Tables 41 to 43.

TABLE 41 x/Shape R6/15 R7/15 R8/15 R9/15 R10/15 x0 0.4530 + 0.2663i1.2103 + 0.5026i 0.4819 + 0.2575i 0.4909 + 1.2007i 0.2173 + 0.4189i x10.2663 + 0.4530i 0.5014 + 1.2103i 0.2575 + 0.4819i 1.2007 + 0.4909i0.6578 + 0.2571i x2 1.2092 + 0.5115i 0.4634 + 0.2624i 1.2068 + 0.4951i0.2476 + 0.5065i 0.4326 + 1.1445i x3 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.2624 + 0.4627i0.4951 + 1.2068i 0.5053 + 0.2476i 1.2088 + 0.5659i x/Shape R11/15 R12/15R13/15 x0 0.9583 + 0.9547i 0.2999 + 0.2999i 0.9517 + 0.9511i x1 0.9547 +0.2909i 0.9540 + 0.2999i 0.9524 + 0.3061i x2 0.2921 + 0.9583i 0.2999 +0.9540i 0.3067 + 0.9524i x3 0.2909 + 0.2927i 0.9540 + 0.9540i 0.3061 +0.3067i

TABLE 42 x/Shape R64_6/15 R64_7/15 R64_8/15 R64_9/15 R64_10/15 x00.4387 + 1.6023i 0.3152 + 0.6028i 1.4827 + 0.2920i 0.3547 + 0.6149i1.4388 + 0.2878i x1 1.6023 + 0.4387i 0.2077 + 0.6584i 1.2563 + 0.8411i0.1581 + 0.6842i 1.2150 + 0.8133i x2 0.8753 + 1.0881i 0.1711 + 0.3028i1.0211 + 0.2174i 0.1567 + 0.2749i 1.0386 + 0.2219i x3 1.0881 + 0.8753i0.1556 + 0.3035i 0.8798 + 0.5702i 0.1336 + 0.2700i 0.8494 + 0.6145i x40.2202 + 0.9238i 0.6028 + 0.3345i 0.2920 + 1.4827i 0.6177 + 0.4030i0.2931 + 1.4656i x5 0.2019 + 0.7818i 0.6577 + 0.2084i 0.8410 + 1.2563i0.7262 + 0.1756i 0.8230 + 1.2278i x6 0.3049 + 0.8454i 0.3021 + 0.1711i0.2174 + 1.0211i 0.3568 + 0.1756i 0.2069 + 1.0649i x7 0.2653 + 0.7540i0.3028 + 0.1556i 0.5702 + 0.8798i 0.3771 + 0.1336i 0.5677 + 0.8971i x80.7818 + 0.2019i 0.5556 + 0.8922i 0.3040 + 0.1475i 0.5639 + 0.8864i0.4119 + 0.1177i x9 0.9238 + 0.2202i 0.2352 + 1.0190i 0.3028 + 0.1691i0.1980 + 1.0277i 0.3998 + 0.2516i x10 0.7540 + 0.2653i 0.8450 + 1.2619i0.6855 + 0.1871i 0.8199 + 1.2515i 0.7442 + 0.1559i x11 0.8454 + 0.3049i0.2922 + 1.4894i 0.6126 + 0.3563i 0.2854 + 1.4691i 0.5954 + 0.4328i x120.2675 + 0.2479i 0.8929 + 0.5549i 0.1475 + 0.3040i 0.8654 + 0.6058i0.1166 + 0.1678i x13 0.2479 + 0.2675i 1.0197 + 0.2359i 0.1691 + 0.3028i1.0382 + 0.2141i 0.1582 + 0.3325i x14 0.2890 + 0.2701i 1.2626 + 0.8457i0.1871 + 0.6855i 1.2362 + 0.8416i 0.1355 + 0.7408i x15 0.2701 + 0.2890i1.4894 + 0.2922i 0.3563 + 0.6126i 1.4663 + 0.2973i 0.3227 + 0.6200ix/Shape R64_11/15 R64_12/15 R64_13/15 x0 0.3317 + 0.6970i 1.0854 +0.5394i 0.4108 + 0.7473i x1 0.1386 + 0.8824i 0.7353 + 0.4632i 0.1343 +0.5338i x2 0.1323 + 0.4437i 1.0474 + 0.1695i 0.1570 + 0.9240i x30.1015 + 0.1372i 0.7243 + 0.1504i 0.1230 + 0.1605i x4 0.5682 + 0.4500i1.0693 + 0.9408i 0.6285 + 0.4617i x5 0.6739 + 0.1435i 0.7092 + 0.8073i0.3648 + 0.3966i x6 0.3597 + 0.3401i 1.4261 + 0.2216i 0.6907 + 0.1541ix7 0.3660 + 0.1204i 0.6106 + 1.1783i 0.3994 + 0.1308i x8 0.6004 +0.8922i 0.1392 + 0.4078i 0.7268 + 0.8208i x9 0.2120 + 1.2253i 0.4262 +0.4205i 1.0463 + 0.9495i x10 0.9594 + 1.0714i 0.1407 + 0.1336i 0.1866 +1.2733i x11 0.5829 + 1.3995i 0.4265 + 0.1388i 0.5507 + 1.1793i x120.8439 + 0.5675i 0.1388 + 0.7057i 0.9283 + 0.5140i x13 0.9769 + 0.1959i0.4197 + 0.7206i 1.2648 + 0.5826i x14 1.2239 + 0.6760i 0.1682 + 1.0316i0.9976 + 0.1718i x15 1.3653 + 0.2323i 0.2287 + 1.3914i 1.3412 + 0.1944i

TABLE 43 x/Shape R6/15 R7/15 R8/15 R9/15 R10/15 x0 0.6800 + 1.6926i1.2905 + 1.3099i 1.0804 + 1.3788i 1.3231 + 1.1506i 1.6097 + 0.1548i x10.3911 + 1.3645i 1.0504 + 0.9577i 1.0487 + 0.9862i 0.9851 + 1.2311i1.5549 + 0.4605i x2 0.2191 + 1.7524i 1.5329 + 0.8935i 1.6464 + 0.7428i1.1439 + 0.8974i 1.3226 + 0.1290i x3 0.2274 + 1.4208i 1.1577 + 0.8116i1.3245 + 0.9414i 0.9343 + 0.9271i 1.2772 + 0.3829i x4 0.8678 + 1.2487i1.7881 + 0.2509i 0.7198 + 1.2427i 1.5398 + 0.7962i 1.2753 + 1.0242i x50.7275 + 1.1667i 1.4275 + 0.1400i 0.8106 + 1.0040i 0.9092 + 0.5599i1.4434 + 0.7540i x6 0.8747 + 1.0470i 1.4784 + 0.5201i 0.5595 + 1.0317i1.2222 + 0.6574i 1.0491 + 0.8476i x7 0.7930 + 1.0406i 1.3408 + 0.4346i0.6118 + 0.9722i 0.9579 + 0.6373i 1.1861 + 0.6253i x8 0.2098 + 0.9768i0.7837 + 0.5867i 1.6768 + 0.2002i 0.7748 + 1.5867i 0.9326 + 0.0970i x90.2241 + 1.0454i 0.8250 + 0.6455i 0.9997 + 0.6844i 0.6876 + 1.2489i0.8962 + 0.2804i x10 0.1858 + 0.9878i 0.8256 + 0.5601i 1.4212 + 0.4769i0.5992 + 0.9208i 1.1044 + 0.1102i x11 0.1901 + 1.0659i 0.8777 + 0.6110i1.1479 + 0.6312i 0.6796 + 0.9743i 1.0648 + 0.3267i x12 0.5547 + 0.8312i1.0080 + 0.1843i 0.6079 + 0.6566i 0.5836 + 0.5879i 0.7325 + 0.6071i x130.5479 + 0.8651i 1.0759 + 0.1721i 0.7284 + 0.6957i 0.6915 + 0.5769i0.8260 + 0.4559i x14 0.6073 + 0.8182i 1.0056 + 0.2758i 0.5724 + 0.7031i0.5858 + 0.7058i 0.8744 + 0.7153i x15 0.5955 + 0.8420i 1.0662 + 0.2964i0.6302 + 0.7259i 0.6868 + 0.6793i 0.9882 + 0.5300i x16 1.4070 + 0.1790i0.8334 + 1.5554i 0.1457 + 1.4010i 1.6118 + 0.1497i 0.1646 + 1.6407i x171.7227 + 0.2900i 0.8165 + 1.1092i 0.1866 + 1.7346i 0.9511 + 0.1140i0.4867 + 1.5743i x18 1.3246 + 0.2562i 0.6092 + 1.2729i 0.1174 + 1.1035i1.2970 + 0.1234i 0.1363 + 1.3579i x19 1.3636 + 0.3654i 0.6728 + 1.1456i0.1095 + 1.0132i 1.0266 + 0.1191i 0.4023 + 1.3026i x20 1.3708 + 1.2834i0.1061 + 1.7469i 0.4357 + 1.3636i 1.5831 + 0.4496i 1.0542 + 1.2584i x211.6704 + 0.8403i 0.1327 + 1.4056i 0.5853 + 1.6820i 0.9328 + 0.3586i0.7875 + 1.4450i x22 1.1614 + 0.7909i 0.3522 + 1.3414i 0.3439 + 1.0689i1.2796 + 0.3894i 0.8687 + 1.0407i x23 1.2241 + 0.7367i 0.2273 + 1.3081i0.3234 + 0.9962i 1.0188 + 0.3447i 0.6502 + 1.1951i x24 0.9769 + 0.1863i0.5007 + 0.8098i 0.1092 + 0.6174i 0.5940 + 0.1059i 0.0982 + 0.9745i x250.9452 + 0.2057i 0.5528 + 0.8347i 0.1074 + 0.6307i 0.7215 + 0.1100i0.2842 + 0.9344i x26 1.0100 + 0.2182i 0.4843 + 0.8486i 0.1109 + 0.6995i0.5863 + 0.1138i 0.1142 + 1.1448i x27 0.9795 + 0.2417i 0.5304 + 0.8759i0.1076 + 0.7345i 0.6909 + 0.1166i 0.3385 + 1.0973i x28 0.8241 + 0.4856i0.1715 + 0.9147i 0.3291 + 0.6264i 0.5843 + 0.3604i 0.6062 + 0.7465i x290.8232 + 0.4837i 0.1540 + 0.9510i 0.3126 + 0.6373i 0.6970 + 0.3592i0.4607 + 0.8538i x30 0.8799 + 0.5391i 0.1964 + 0.9438i 0.3392 + 0.6999i0.5808 + 0.3250i 0.7263 + 0.8764i x31 0.8796 + 0.5356i 0.1788 + 0.9832i0.3202 + 0.7282i 0.6678 + 0.3290i 0.5450 + 1.0067i x32 0.1376 + 0.3342i0.3752 + 0.1667i 0.9652 + 0.1066i 0.1406 + 0.1682i 0.2655 + 0.0746i x330.1383 + 0.3292i 0.3734 + 0.1667i 0.9075 + 0.1666i 1.1272 + 1.2984i0.2664 + 0.0759i x34 0.1363 + 0.3322i 0.3758 + 0.1661i 0.9724 + 0.1171i0.1211 + 0.9644i 0.4571 + 0.0852i x35 0.1370 + 0.3273i 0.1746 + 0.1649i0.9186 + 0.1753i 0.1220 + 1.0393i 0.4516 + 0.1062i x36 0.1655 + 0.3265i0.4013 + 0.1230i 0.6342 + 0.1372i 0.1124 + 0.6101i 0.2559 + 0.1790i x370.1656 + 0.3227i 0.4001 + 0.1210i 0.6550 + 0.1495i 0.1177 + 0.6041i0.2586 + 0.1772i x38 0.1634 + 0.3246i 0.4037 + 0.1230i 0.6290 + 0.1393i0.1136 + 0.7455i 0.3592 + 0.2811i x39 0.1636 + 0.3208i 0.4019 + 0.1218i0.6494 + 0.1504i 0.1185 + 0.7160i 0.3728 + 0.2654i x40 0.1779 + 0.6841i0.5025 + 0.3934i 1.3127 + 0.1240i 0.4324 + 1.5679i 0.7706 + 0.0922i x410.1828 + 0.6845i 0.5946 + 0.3928i 0.9572 + 0.4344i 0.3984 + 1.2825i0.7407 + 0.2260i x42 0.1745 + 0.6828i 0.6116 + 0.3879i 1.2403 + 0.2631i0.3766 + 0.9534i 0.6180 + 0.0927i x43 0.1791 + 0.6829i 0.6019 + 0.1837i1.0254 + 0.4130i 0.3668 + 1.0301i 0.6019 + 0.1658i x44 0.3547 + 0.6009i0.7377 + 0.1618i 0.6096 + 0.4214i 0.3667 + 0.5995i 0.6007 + 0.4980i x450.3591 + 0.6011i 0.7298 + 0.1582i 0.6773 + 0.4284i 0.3328 + 0.5960i0.6673 + 0.3928i x46 0.3576 + 0.5990i 0.7274 + 0.1782i 0.5995 + 0.4102i0.3687 + 0.7194i 0.4786 + 0.3935i x47 0.3624 + 0.5994i 0.7165 + 0.1746i0.6531 + 0.4101i 0.3373 + 0.6964i 0.5176 + 0.3391i x48 0.2697 + 0.1443i0.1509 + 0.2425i 0.1250 + 0.1153i 0.1065 + 0.1146i 0.0757 + 0.1003i x490.2704 + 0.1433i 0.1503 + 0.2400i 0.1252 + 0.1158i 0.1145 + 0.1108i0.0753 + 0.1004i x50 0.2644 + 0.1442i 0.1515 + 0.2437i 0.1245 + 0.1152i0.1053 + 0.1274i 0.0777 + 0.4788i x51 0.2650 + 0.1432i 0.1503 + 0.2425i0.1247 + 0.1156i 0.1134 + 0.1236i 0.0867 + 0.4754i x52 0.2761 + 0.1638i0.1285 + 0.2388i 0.3768 + 0.1244i 0.1111 + 0.3821i 0.1023 + 0.2243i x530.2768 + 0.1626i 0.1279 + 0.2419i 0.3707 + 0.1237i 0.1186 + 0.3867i0.1010 + 0.2242i x54 0.2715 + 0.1630i 0.1279 + 0.2431i 0.3779 + 0.1260i0.1080 + 0.3431i 0.1950 + 0.3919i x55 0.2719 + 0.1618i 0.1279 + 0.2406i0.3717 + 0.1252i 0.1177 + 0.3459i 0.1881 + 0.3969i x56 0.6483 + 0.1696i0.3394 + 0.5764i 0.1161 + 0.3693i 0.3644 + 0.1080i 0.0930 + 0.8122i x570.6462 + 0.1706i 0.3364 + 0.5722i 0.1157 + 0.3645i 0.3262 + 0.1104i0.2215 + 0.7840i x58 0.6456 + 0.1745i 0.3328 + 0.5758i 0.1176 + 0.3469i0.3681 + 0.1173i 0.0937 + 0.6514i x59 0.6431 + 0.1751i 0.3303 + 0.5698i0.1171 + 0.3424i 0.3289 + 0.1196i 0.1540 + 0.6366i x60 0.5854 + 0.3186i0.1491 + 0.6316i 0.3530 + 0.3899i 0.3665 + 0.3758i 0.4810 + 0.6306i x610.5862 + 0.3167i 0.1461 + 0.6280i 0.3422 + 0.3808i 0.3310 + 0.3795i0.3856 + 0.7037i x62 0.5864 + 0.3275i 0.1509 + 0.6280i 0.3614 + 0.3755i0.3672 + 0.3353i 0.3527 + 0.5230i x63 0.5873 + 0.3254i 0.1473 + 0.6225i0.3509 + 0.3656i 0.3336 + 0.3402i 0.3100 + 0.5559i x/Shape R11/15 R12/15R13/15 x0 0.3105 + 0.3382i 1.1014 + 1.1670i 0.3556 + 0.3497i x1 0.4342 +0.3360i 0.8557 + 1.2421i 0.3579 + 0.4945i x2 0.3149 + 0.4829i 1.2957 +0.8039i 0.5049 + 0.3571i x3 0.4400 + 0.4807i 1.0881 + 0.8956i 0.5056 +0.5063i x4 0.1811 + 0.3375i 0.5795 + 1.2110i 0.2123 + 0.3497i x50.0633 + 0.3404i 0.6637 + 1.4215i 0.2116 + 0.4900i x6 0.1818 + 0.4851i0.6930 + 1.0082i 0.0713 + 0.3489i x7 0.0633 + 0.4815i 0.8849 + 0.9647i0.0690 + 0.4960i x8 0.3084 + 0.1971i 1.2063 + 0.5115i 0.3527 + 0.2086ix9 0.4356 + 0.1993i 1.0059 + 0.4952i 0.3497 + 0.0713i x10 0.3098 +0.0676i 1.4171 + 0.5901i 0.4960 + 0.2123i x11 0.4342 + 0.0691i 1.0466 +0.6935i 0.4974 + 0.0698i x12 0.1775 + 0.1985i 0.6639 + 0.6286i 0.2086 +0.2079i x13 0.0640 + 0.1978i 0.8353 + 0.5851i 0.2094 + 0.0690i x140.1775 + 0.0676i 0.6879 + 0.8022i 0.0676 + 0.2079i x15 0.0647 + 0.0669i0.8634 + 0.7622i 0.0698 + 0.0683i x16 0.7455 + 0.3411i 0.1213 + 1.4366i0.3586 + 0.7959i x17 0.5811 + 0.3396i 0.1077 + 1.2098i 0.3571 + 0.6392ix18 0.7556 + 0.4669i 0.0651 + 0.9801i 0.5034 + 0.8271i x19 0.5862 +0.4756i 0.2009 + 1.0115i 0.5063 + 0.6600i x20 0.9556 + 0.3280i 0.3764 +1.4264i 0.2146 + 0.7862i x21 1.1767 + 0.3091i 0.3237 + 1.2130i 0.2109 +0.6340i x22 0.9673 + 0.4720i 0.5205 + 0.9814i 0.0713 + 0.8093i x231.2051 + 0.5135i 0.3615 + 1.0163i 0.0698 + 0.6467i x24 0.7367 + 0.2015i0.0715 + 0.6596i 0.2799 + 1.0862i x25 0.5811 + 0.2015i 0.2116 + 0.6597i0.2806 + 1.2755i x26 0.7316 + 0.0669i 0.0729 + 0.8132i 0.4328 + 0.9904ix27 0.5782 + 0.0669i 0.2158 + 0.8246i 0.4551 + 1.1812i x28 0.9062 +0.1971i 0.5036 + 0.6467i 0.2309 + 0.9414i x29 1.2829 + 0.1185i 0.3526 +0.6572i 0.1077 + 1.3891i x30 0.9156 + 0.0735i 0.5185 + 0.8086i 0.0772 +0.9852i x31 1.1011 + 0.0735i 0.3593 + 0.8245i 0.0802 + 1.1753i x320.3244 + 0.8044i 1.2545 + 0.1010i 0.8301 + 0.3727i x33 0.4589 + 0.8218i1.0676 + 0.0956i 0.8256 + 0.5256i x34 0.3207 + 0.6415i 1.4782 + 0.1167i0.6593 + 0.3668i x35 0.4509 + 0.6371i 0.8981 + 0.0882i 0.6623 + 0.5182ix36 0.1920 + 0.8196i 0.5518 + 0.0690i 1.0186 + 0.3645i x37 0.0633 +0.8167i 0.6903 + 0.0552i 1.0001 + 0.5242i x38 0.1811 + 0.6371i 0.5742 +0.1987i 1.1857 + 0.2725i x39 0.0640 + 0.6415i 0.7374 + 0.1564i 1.3928 +0.3408i x40 0.3331 + 1.0669i 1.2378 + 0.3049i 0.8011 + 0.2227i x410.4655 + 1.0087i 1.0518 + 0.3032i 0.7981 + 0.0735i x42 0.3433 + 1.2865i1.4584 + 0.3511i 0.6459 + 0.2198i x43 0.5004 + 1.5062i 0.9107 + 0.2603i0.6430 + 0.0713i x44 0.1971 + 1.0051i 0.6321 + 0.4729i 0.9681 + 0.2205ix45 0.0735 + 1.0298i 0.7880 + 0.4392i 0.9615 + 0.0735i x46 0.1498 +1.5018i 0.6045 + 0.3274i 1.3327 + 0.1039i x47 0.0865 + 1.2553i 0.7629 +0.2965i 1.1359 + 0.0809i x48 0.7811 + 0.8080i 0.0596 + 0.0739i 0.8382 +0.8709i x49 0.5167 + 0.8153i 0.1767 + 0.0731i 0.8145 + 0.6934i x500.7636 + 0.6255i 0.0612 + 0.2198i 0.6645 + 0.8486i x51 0.6000 + 0.6327i0.1815 + 0.2192i 0.6600 + 0.6786i x52 0.9898 + 0.7680i 0.4218 + 0.0715i1.1612 + 0.6949i x53 1.5855 + 0.1498i 0.2978 + 0.0725i 0.9785 + 0.6942ix54 0.9476 + 0.6175i 0.4337 + 0.2115i 1.3698 + 0.6259i x55 1.4625 +0.4015i 0.3057 + 0.2167i 1.2183 + 0.4841i x56 0.8276 + 1.0225i 0.0667 +0.5124i 0.7989 + 1.0498i x57 0.6313 + 1.0364i 0.2008 + 0.5095i 0.4395 +1.4203i x58 0.8815 + 1.2865i 0.0625 + 0.3658i 0.6118 + 1.0246i x590.6342 + 1.2705i 0.1899 + 0.3642i 0.6303 + 1.2421i x60 1.0422 + 0.9593i0.4818 + 0.4946i 1.0550 + 0.8924i x61 1.2749 + 0.8538i 0.3380 + 0.5050i0.8612 + 1.2800i x62 1.1556 + 1.1847i 0.4571 + 0.3499i 1.2696 + 0.8969ix63 1.4771 + 0.6742i 0.3216 + 0.3599i 1.0342 + 1.1181i

Table 41 indicates non-uniform 16-QAM, Table 42 indicates non-uniform64-QAM, and table 43 indicates non-uniform 256-QAM, and differentmapping methods may be applied according to a code rate.

On the other hand, when the non-uniform constellation is designed tohave the x-axis and the y-axis symmetric to each other, constellationpoints may be expressed similarly to those of uniform QAM and an exampleis illustrated as in Tables 44 to 46 presented below:

TABLE 44 y_(0, q) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y_(2, q) 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y_(4, q) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(6, q) 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(8, q) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0Re(z_(q)) −x₁₅ −x₁₄ −x₁₃ −x₁₂ −x₁₁ −x₁₀ −x₉ −x₈ −x₇ −x₆ −x₅ −x₄ −x₃ −x₂−x₁ −1  y_(0, q) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y_(2, q) 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y_(4, q) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(6, q) 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(8, q) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0Re(z_(q)) 1  x₁  x₂  x₃  x₄  x₅  x₆  x₇  x₈  x₉  x₁₀  x₁₁  x₁₂  x₁₃  x₁₄x₁₅

TABLE 45 y_(1, q) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y_(3, q) 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y_(5, q) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(7, q) 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(9, q) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0Im(z_(q)) −x₁₅ −x₁₄ −x₁₃ −x₁₂ −x₁₁ −x₁₀ −x₉ −x₈ −x₇ −x₆ −x₅ −x₄ −x₃ −x₂−x₁ −1  y_(1, q) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y_(3, q) 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y_(5, q) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y_(7, q) 0 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 y_(9, q) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0Im(z_(q)) 1  x₁  x₂  x₃  x₄  x₅  x₆  x₇  x₈  x₉  x₁₀  x₁₁  x₁₂  x₁₃  x₁₄x₁₅

TABLE 46 x/Shape R6/15 R7/15 R8/15 R9/15 R10/15 R11/15 R12/15 R13/15 x11.0003 1 1.0005 1 1.0772 1.16666667 2.5983 2.85714286 x2 1.0149 1.042.0897 2.78571429 2.8011 3.08333333 4.5193 4.85714286 x3 1.0158 1.042.0888 2.78571429 2.9634 3.33333333 6.1649 6.85714286 x4 2.6848 3 3.9954.85714286 4.8127 5.16666667 8.2107 8.85714286 x5 2.6903 3.04 3.99314.85714286 5.1864 5.75 9.9594 11 x6 2.882 3.28 5.3843 6.85714286 6.78387.41666667 12.0321 13.2857143 x7 2.8747 3.32 5.3894 6.85714286 7.50298.5 13.9574 15.7142857 x8 4.7815 5.24 7.5206 9.14285714 9.238 10.083333316.2598 18.1428571 x9 4.7619 5.32 7.6013 9.28571429 10.32 11.583333318.4269 20.7142857 x10 5.5779 6.04 9.3371 11.5714286 12.0115 13.333333320.9273 23.4285714 x11 5.6434 6.28 9.8429 12.2142857 13.5356 15.2523.4863 26.2857143 x12 7.3854 8.24 11.9255 14.6428571 15.6099 17.333333326.4823 29.2857143 x13 7.8797 8.84 13.3962 16.4285714 17.7524 19.7529.7085 32.4285714 x14 9.635 11.04 15.8981 19.4285714 20.5256 22.416666733.6247 35.7142857 x15 11.7874 13.68 19.1591 23.2857143 24.125425.5833333 38.5854 39.4285714

Tables 44 and 45 are tables for determining the real number componentRe(z_(q)) and the imaginary number component Im(z_(q)) when modulationis performed in the non-uniform 1024-QAM method. That is, Table 44indicates the real number part of the 1024-QAM, and Table 45 indicatesthe imaginary number part of the 1024-QAM. In addition, Table 46illustrate an example of a case in which modulation is performed in thenon-uniform 1024-QAM method, and show x, values of Tables 44 and 45.

Since the non-uniform constellation method asymmetrically map themodulation symbol onto the constellation point as shown in Tables 44 to46, modulation symbols mapped onto constellation points may havedifferent decoding performance. That is, bits constituting a modulationsymbol may have different performance.

For example, referring to FIG. 15 illustrating an example of a case inwhich modulation is performed in the non-uniform 64-QAM method, amodulation symbol 10 may be configured as (y₀, y₁, y₂, y₃, y₄, y₅)=(0,0, 1, 0, 1, 0), and performance (e.g., capacity) of bits constitutingthe modulation symbol 10 may have a relationship ofC(y₀)>C(y₁)>C(y₂)>C(y₃)>C(y₄)>C(y₅).

In addition, it is obvious that the constellation in the uniformconstellation method and the non-uniform constellation method may berotated and/or scaled (herein, the same or different scaling factor maybe applied to a real number axis and an imaginary number axis), andother variations can be applied. In addition, the illustratedconstellation indicates relevant locations of the constellation pointsand another constellation can be derived by rotation, scaling and/orother appropriate conversion.

As described above, the modulator 130 may map modulation symbols ontoconstellation points by using uniform constellation methods andnon-uniform constellation methods. In this case, bits constituting amodulation symbol may have different performance as described above.

LDPC codeword bits may have different codeword characteristics accordingto a configuration of a parity check matrix. That is, the LDPC codewordbits may have different codeword characteristics according to the numberof 1 existing in the columns of the parity check matrix, that is, acolumn degree.

Accordingly, the interleaver 120 may interleave to map the LDPC codewordbits onto modulation symbols by considering both the codewordcharacteristic of the LDPC codeword bits and the reliability of the bitsconstituting a modulation symbol.

In particular, since bits constituting a modulation symbol havedifferent performance when a non-uniform QAM is used, the blockinterleaver 124 configures the number of columns to be identical to thenumber of bits constituting a modulation symbol such that one of aplurality of groups of an LDPC codeword can be mapped onto bits each ofwhich exists on a same location of each modulation symbol.

That is, when LDPC codeword bits of high decoding performance are mappedonto high reliability bits from among bits of each modulation symbol, areceiver side may show high decoding performance, but there is a problemthat the LDPC codeword bits of the high decoding performance are notreceived. In addition, when the LDPC codeword bits of high decodingperformance are mapped onto low reliability bits from among the bits ofthe modulation symbol, initial reception performance is excellent, andthus, overall performance is also excellent. However, when many bitsshowing poor decoding performance are received, error propagation mayoccur.

Accordingly, when LDPC codeword bits are mapped onto modulation symbols,an LDPC codeword bit having a specific codeword characteristic is mappedonto a specific bit of a modulation symbol by considering both codewordcharacteristics of the LDPC codeword bits and reliability of the bits ofthe modulation symbol, and is transmitted to a receiver side.Accordingly, the receiver side can achieve both the high receptionperformance and the high decoding performance.

In this case, since the LDPC codeword is divided into groups each formedof M (=360) number of bits having the same codeword characteristic andthe bits are mapped respectively onto a bit of a specific location ofeach modulation symbol in group units, bits having a specific codewordcharacteristic can be mapped onto the specific location of eachmodulation symbol more effectively. In addition, the number of bitsconstituting the group may be an aliquot part of M as described above.However, the number of codeword bits constituting the group is limitedto M for convenience of explanation.

That is, the modulator 130 can map at least one bit included in apredetermined group from among the plurality of groups constituting theLDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit of each modulation symbol.Herein, each of the plurality of groups may be formed of M (=360) numberof bits.

For example, in the case of 16-QAM, at least one bit included in apredetermined group from among the plurality of groups may be mappedonto a first bit of each modulation symbol, or may be mapped onto afirst bit and a second bit.

The modulator 130 can map at least one bit included in a predeterminedgroup from among the plurality of groups onto a predetermined bit ofeach modulation symbol for the following reasons.

As described above, the block interleaver 124 interleaves a plurality ofgroups of an LDPC codeword in group units, the demultiplexer (not shown)demultiplexes bits output from the block interleaver 124, and themodulator 130 maps demultiplexed bits (that is, cells) onto modulationsymbols serially.

Accordingly, the group interleaver 122, which is placed before the blockinterleaver 124, interleaves the LDPC codeword in group units such thatgroups including bits to be mapped onto bits of specific locations of amodulation symbol can be written in the same column of the blockinterleaver 124, considering a demultiplexing operation of thedemultiplexer (not shown).

Specifically, the group interleaver 122 may rearrange the order of aplurality of groups of an LDPC codeword in group units such that atleast one group including bits to be mapped onto the same location ofdifferent modulation symbols are serially arranged adjacent to oneanother, thereby allowing the block interleaver 122 to write apredetermined group on a predetermined column. That is, the groupinterleaver 122 interleaves the plurality of groups of the LDPC codewordin group units based on the above-described Tables 21 to 25, so that atleast one group including bits to be mapped onto the same location ofeach modulation symbol are arranged to be adjacent to one another, andthe block interleaver 124 interleaves by writing the adjacent at leastone group on the same column.

Accordingly, the modulator 130 may generate a modulation symbol bymapping a bit output from a predetermined column of the blockinterleaver 124 onto a predetermined bit of the modulation symbol. Inthis case, bits included in one group may be mapped onto one bit of eachmodulation symbol or may be mapped onto two bits of each modulationsymbol.

To explain detail, a case in which an LDPC codeword having a length of16200 is modulated in the non-uniform 64-QAM method will be explained.

The group interleaver 122 divides the LDPC codeword into 16200/360(=45)groups, and interleaves the plurality of groups in group units.

In this case, the group interleaver 122 determines the number of groupsto be written in each column of the block interleaver 124 based on thenumber of columns of the block interleaver 124, and interleaves theplurality of groups in group units based on the determined number ofgroups.

Herein, groups written in a same column of the block interleaver 124 maybe mapped onto a single specific bit or two specific bits from amongbits constituting each modulation symbol according to the number ofcolumns of the block interleaver 124. Thus, the group interleaver 122interleaves the plurality of groups in group units such that groupsincluding bits required to be mapped onto a predetermined bit of eachmodulation symbol are adjacent to one another and serially arranged,considering bit characteristic of the modulation symbol. In this case,the group interleaver 122 may use the above-described Table 22.

Accordingly, the groups which are adjacent to one another in the LDPCcodeword interleaved in group units may be written in the same column ofthe block interleaver 124, and the bits written in the same column maybe mapped onto a single specific bit or two specific bits of eachmodulation symbol by the modulator 130.

For example, it is assumed that the block interleaver 124 includes asmany columns as the number of bits constituting a modulation symbol,that is, six (6) columns. In this case, each column of the blockinterleaver 124 may be divided into a first part including 2520 rows anda second part including 180 rows, as shown in Table 30.

Accordingly, the group interleaver 122 performs group interleaving suchthat 2520/360(=7) groups to be written in the first part of each columnof the block interleaver 124 from among the plurality of groups areserially arranged to be adjacent to one another. Accordingly, the blockinterleaver 124 writes the seven (7) groups on the first part of eachcolumn and divides the bits included in the other three (3) groups andwrites these bits on the second part of each column.

Thereafter, the block interleaver 124 reads the bits written in each rowof the first part of the plurality of columns in the row direction, andreads the bits written in each row of the second part of the pluralityof columns in the row direction.

That is, the block interleaver 124 may output the bits written in eachrow of the plurality of columns, from the bit written in the first rowof the first column to the bit written in the first row of the sixthcolumn, sequentially like (q₀,q₁,q₂,q₃,q₄,q₅,q₆,q₇,q₈,q₉,q₁₀,q₁₁, . . .).

In this case, when the demultiplexer (not shown) is not used or thedemultiplexer (not shown) outputs serially bits input to thedemultiplexer (not shown) without changing the order of the bits, theLDPC codeword bits output from the block interleaver 124,(q₀,q₁,q₂,q₃,q₄,q₅), (q₆,q₇,q₈,q₉,q₁₀,q₁₁), . . . , etc. are modulatedby the modulator 130. That is, the LDPC codeword bits output from theblock interleaver 124, (q₀,q₁,q₂,q₃,q₄,q5), (q₆,q₇,q₈,q₉,q₁₀,q₁₁), . . ., etc. configure cells (y_(0,0),y_(1,0), . . . , y_(5,0)),(y_(0,1),y_(1,1), . . . , y_(5,1)), . . . , etc. and the modulator 130generates a modulation symbol by mapping the cells onto constellationpoints.

Accordingly, the modulator 130 may map bits output from a same column ofthe block interleaver 124 onto a single specific bit of bitsconstituting each modulation symbol. For example, the modulator 130 maymap bits included in a group written in the first column of the blockinterleaver 124, that is, (q₀, q₆, . . . ), onto the first bit of eachmodulation symbol, and also, bits written in the first column may bebits which are determined to be mapped onto the first bit of eachmodulation symbol according to a codeword characteristic of the LDPCcodeword bits and the reliability of the bits constituting themodulation symbol.

As described above, the group interleaver 122 may interleave a pluralityof groups of an LDPC codeword in group units such that the groupsincluding bits to be mapped onto a single bit of a specific location ofeach modulation symbol are written in a specific column of the blockinterleaver 124.

On the other hand, it is assumed that the block interleaver 124 includesas many columns as half of the number of bits constituting a modulationsymbol, that is, three (3) columns. In this case, each column of theblock interleaver 124 is not divided into parts as shown in Table 29 and5400 bits are written in each column.

Accordingly, the group interleaver 122 performs group interleaving suchthat 5400/360(=15) groups to be written in each column of the blockinterleaver 124 from among the plurality of groups are serially arrangedto be adjacent to one another. Accordingly, the block interleaver 124writes the 15 groups on each column.

Thereafter, the block interleaver 124 may read bits written in each rowof the plurality of columns in the row direction.

That is, the block interleaver 124 may output the bits written in eachrow of the plurality of columns, from the bit written in the first rowof the first column to the bit written in the first row of the thirdcolumn, sequentially like (q₀,q₁,q₂,q₃,q₄,q₅,q₆,q₇,q₈,q₉,q₁₀,q₁₁, . . .).

In this case, the demultiplexer (not shown) demultiplexes the LDPCcodeword bits output from the block interleaver 124 based on Table 32,and output cells likes (y_(0,0),y_(1,0), . . . ,y_(5,0))=(q₀,q₂,q₄,q₁,q₃,q₅), (y_(0,1),y_(1,1), . . . ,y_(5,1))=(q₆,q₈,q₁₀,q₇,q₉,q₁₁), . . . , etc. and the modulator 130generates a modulation symbol by mapping the cells onto constellationpoints.

Accordingly, the modulator 130 may map bits output from the same columnof the block interleaver 124 onto two specific bits of each modulationsymbol. For example, the modulator 130 may map (q₀, q₆, . . . ) fromamong the bits (q₀, q₃, q₆, q₉, . . . ) included in the group written inthe first column in the block interleaver 124 onto the first bit of eachmodulation symbol, and may map (q₃, q₉, . . . ) on the fifth bit of eachmodulation symbol. The bits written in the first column are bits whichare determined to be mapped onto the first bit and the fifth bit of eachmodulation symbol according to the codeword characteristic of the LDPCcodeword bits and the reliability of the bits constituting themodulation symbol. Herein, the first bit of the modulation symbol is abit for determining a sign of the real number component Re(z_(q)) of aconstellation point onto which the modulation symbol is mapped, and thefifth bit of the modulation symbol is a bit for determining a relativelysmall size of the constellation point onto which the modulation symbolis mapped.

As described above, the group interleaver 122 may interleave theplurality of groups of the LDPC codeword in group units such that groupsincluding bits to be mapped onto two bits of specific locations of amodulation symbol are written in a specific column of the blockinterleaver 124.

Hereinafter, it is assumed that the encoder 110 performs LDPC encodingat a code rate of 10/15, 11/15, 12/15, and 13/15 and generates an LDPCcodeword (N_(ldpc)=16200) formed of 16200 bits, and the modulator 130uses the non-uniform 16-QAM modulation method corresponding to the coderate based on table 21.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments will be explained in detail.

First, according to a first exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that theencoder 110 performs LDPC encoding at a code rate of 10/15, 11/15, 12/15and 13/15 and generates an LDPC codeword formed of 16200 bits(N_(ldpc)=16200), and the modulator 130 uses the non-uniform 16-QAMmodulation method corresponding to the code rate based on Table 41.

In this case, the group interleaver 122 may perform group interleavingby using Equation 11 and Table 21. The block interleaver 124 in whichthe number of columns is four (4), the number of rows of the first partis 3960(=360×11), and the number of rows of the second part is 180according to Table 26 or 30 may be used.

Accordingly, 11 groups (X₃₅, X₃₁, X₃₉, X₁₉, X₂₉, X₂₀, X₃₆, X₀, X₉, X₁₃,X₅) constituting an LDPC codeword are input to the first part of thefirst column of the block interleaver 124, 11 groups (X₃₇, X₁₇, X₄₃,X₂₁, X₄₁, X₂₅, X₁, X₃₃, X₂₄, X₁₂, X₃₀) are input to the first part ofthe second column of the block interleaver 124, 11 groups (X₁₆, X₃₂,X₁₀, X₂₈, X₄, X₂₆, X₈, X₄₀, X₄₂, X₃, X₆) are input to the first part ofthe third column of the block interleaver 124, and 11 groups (X₂, X₃₈,X₁₄, X₃₄, X₂₂, X₁₈, X₂₇, X₂₃, X₇, X₁₁, X₁₅) are input to the first partof the fourth column of the block interleaver 124.

In addition, a group X₄₄ is input to the second part of the blockinterleaver 124. Specifically, bits constituting the group X₄₄ are inputto the rows of the first column of the second part serially, input tothe rows of the second column serially, input to the rows of the thirdcolumn serially, and finally input to the rows of the fourth columnserially. In this case, the group X₄₄ is formed of 360 bits and 90 bitsare input to the second part of each column.

In addition, the block interleaver 124 may output the bits input to thefirst row to the last row of each column serially, and the bits outputfrom the block interleaver 124 may be input to the modulator 130serially. In this case, the demultiplexer (not shown) may be omitted orthe demultiplexer (not shown) may output the input bits serially withoutchanging the order of the bits.

Accordingly, one bit included in each of groups X₃₅, X₃₇, X₁₆ and X₂constitute a single modulation symbol.

According to an exemplary embodiment, one bit included in each of thegroups X₃₅, X₃₇, X₁₆ and X₂ constitute a single modulation symbol basedon group interleaving and block interleaving. In addition to theabove-described method, other methods for constituting a singlemodulation symbol with one bit included in each of the groups X₃₅, X₃₇,X₁₆ and X₂ may be included in the inventive concept.

The transmitting apparatus 100 may modulate a signal mapped onto aconstellation and may transmit the signal to a receiving apparatus (forexample, a receiving apparatus 2700 of FIG. 24). For example, thetransmitting apparatus 100 may map a signal mapped onto a constellationonto an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) frame by usingthe OFDM method, and may transmit the signal to the receiving apparatus2700 via an allocated channel.

To achieve this, the transmitting apparatus 100 may further include aframe mapper (not shown) to map the signal mapped onto the constellationonto the OFDM frame, and a transmitter (not shown) to transmit thesignal of the OFDM frame format to the receiving apparatus 2700.

Case in Which a Block-Row Interleaver is Used

According to another exemplary embodiment, the interleaver 120 mayinterleave an LDPC codeword in other methods, different from the methodsdescribed in the exemplary embodiment 1 above, and may map bits includedin a predetermined group from among a plurality of groups constitutingthe interleaved LDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit of a modulationsymbol. This will be explained in detail with reference to FIG. 20.

Referring to FIG. 20, the interleaver 120 includes a parity interleaver121, a group interleaver (or a group-wise interleaver 122), a grouptwist interleaver 123 and a block-row interleaver 125. Herein, theparity interleaver 121 and the group twist interleaver 123 perform thesame functions as in the exemplary embodiment 1 described above, andthus, a detailed description of these elements is omitted.

The group interleaver 122 may divide a parity-interleaved LDPC codewordinto a plurality of groups, and may rearrange the order of the pluralityof groups.

In this case, the operation of dividing the parity-interleaved LDPCcodeword into the plurality of groups is the same as in the exemplaryembodiment 1, and thus, a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The group interleaver 122 interleaves an LDPC codeword in group units.That is, the group interleaver 122 may rearrange the order of theplurality of groups in the LDPC codeword in group units by changinglocations of the plurality of groups constituting the LDPC codeword.

In this case, the group interleaver 122 may interleave the LDPC codewordin group units by using Equation 12Y _(j) =X _(π(j))(0≤j<N _(group))  (12),where X_(j) is the j^(th) group before group interleaving, and Y_(j) isthe j^(th) group after group interleaving. In addition, π(j) is aparameter indicating an interleaving order and is determined by at leastone of a length of an LDPC codeword, a code rate and a modulationmethod.

Accordingly, X_(π(j)) is a π(j)^(th) group before group interleaving,and Equation 13 means that the pre-interleaving π(j)^(th) group isinterleaved into the j^(th) group.

According to an exemplary embodiment, an example of π(j) may be definedas in Tables 47 to 51 presented below.

In this case, π(j) is defined according to a length of an LPDC codewordand a code rate, and a parity check matrix is also defined according toa length of an LDPC codeword and a code rate. Accordingly, when LDPCencoding is performed based on a specific parity check matrix accordingto a length of an LDPC codeword and a code rate, the LDPC codeword maybe interleaved in group units based on π(j) satisfying the correspondinglength of the LDPC codeword and code rate.

For example, when the encoder 110 performs LDPC encoding at a code rateof 10/15 to generate an LDPC codeword of a length of 16200, the groupinterleaver 122 may perform interleaving by using π(j) which is definedaccording to the length of the LDPC codeword of 16200 and the code rateof 10/15 in tables 47 to 51 presented below.

For example, when the length of the LDPC codeword is 16200, the coderate is 10/15, and the modulation method is 16-QAM, the groupinterleaver 122 may perform interleaving by using π(j) defined as intable 47.

An example of π(j) is as follows:

For example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is 16200, thecode rate is 10/15, 11/15, 12/15 and 13/15, and the modulation method is16-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 47 presented below:

TABLE 47 Order of bits group to be block interleaved π(j) (0 ≤ j < 45)Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rate 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 10/15,11/15, 11 38 27 33 30 37 15 0 36 9 20 19 25 43 41 35 14 4 3 10 5 34 2112/15, 13/15 42 40 26 16 18 32 31 39 12 24 8 23 13 7 2 29 22 6 28 1 1744In the case of Table 47, Equation 12 may be expressed asX₀=Y_(π(0))=Y₁₁, X₁=Y_(π(1))=Y₃₈, X₂=Y_(π(2))=Y₂₇, . . . ,X₄₃=Y_(π(43))=Y₁₇, and X₄₄=Y_(π(44))=Y₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by changing the 0^(th) group to the 11^(th) group, the1^(st) group to the 38^(th) group, the 2^(nd) group to the 27^(th)group, . . . , the 43^(th) group to the 17^(th) group, and the 44^(th)group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate is 6/15, 7/15, 8/15 and 9/15, and the modulationmethod is 64-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 48 presented below:

TABLE 48 Order of bits group to be block interleaved π(j) (0 ≤ j < 45)Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rate 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 6/15,7/15, 26 22 41 5 6 7 8 35 2 34 33 29 16 37 21 32 36 27 31 17 11 38 138/15, 9/15 12 30 4 15 18 10 28 9 39 0 19 20 24 23 14 3 1 25 40 42 43 44In the case of Table 48, Equation 12 may be expressed asX₀=Y_(π(0))=Y₂₆, X₁=Y_(π(1))=Y₂₂, X₂=Y_(π(2))=Y₄₁, . . . ,X₄₃=Y_(π(43))=Y₄₃, and X₄₄=Y_(π(44))=Y₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by changing the 0^(th) group to the 26^(th) group, the1^(st) group to the 22^(nd) group, the 2^(nd) group to the 41^(th)group, . . . , the 43^(rd) group to the 43^(rd) group, and the 44^(th)group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate is 10/15, 11/15, 12/15 and 13/15, and themodulation method is 256-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 49presented below:

TABLE 49 Order of bits group to be block interleaved π(j) (0 ≤ j < 45)Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rate 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 10/15,11/15, 32 26 14 23 22 29 8 2 24 12 27 19 10 11 7 16 37 5 35 30 15 25 112/15, 13/15 38 36 21 33 18 0 13 6 31 34 3 4 17 39 9 28 20 40 41 42 4344In the case of Table 49, Equation 12 may be expressed asX₀=Y_(π(0))=Y₃₂, X₁=Y_(π(1))=Y₂₆, X₂=Y_(π(2))=Y₁₄, . . . ,X₄₃=Y_(π(43))=Y₄₃, and X₄₄=Y_(π(44))=Y₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by changing the 0^(th) group to the 32^(nd) group, the1^(st) group to the 26^(th) group, the 2^(nd) group to the 14^(th)group, . . . , the 43^(rd) group to the 43^(rd) group, and the 44^(th)group to the 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is16200, the code rate is 6/15, 7/15, 8/15 and 9/15, and the modulationmethod is 1024-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 50 presented below:

TABLE 50 Order of bits group to be block interleaved π(j) (0 ≤ j < 45)Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rate 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 6/15,7/15, 22 20 7 18 21 6 16 37 23 33 25 14 5 10 27 15 0 32 13 8 35 28 38/15, 9/15 38 1 30 17 4 29 31 12 9 2 11 19 34 26 24 36 39 40 41 42 43 44In the case of Table 50, Equation 12 may be expressed asX₀=Y_(π(0))=Y₂₂, X₁=Y_(π(1))=Y₂₀, X₂=Y_(π(2))=Y₇, . . . ,X₄₃=Y_(π(43))=Y₄₃, and X₄₄=Y_(π(44))=Y₄₄. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by changing the 0^(th) group to the 22^(nd) group, the1^(st) group to the 20^(th) group, the 2^(nd) group to the 7^(th) group,. . . , the 43^(rd) group to the 43^(rd) group, and the 44^(th) group tothe 44^(th) group.

In another example, when the length N_(ldpc) of the LDPC codeword is64800, the code rate is 6/15, 7/15, 8/15 and 9/15, and the modulationmethod is 256-QAM, π(j) may be defined as in Table 51 presented below:

TABLE 51 Order of bits group to be block interleaved π(j) (0 ≤ j < 180)Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Rate 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 4748 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 7172 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 9596 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 6/15, 72 48 55 99 8 105 116132 163 110 13 114 103 63 36 16 117 67 61 7/15, 152 119 59 101 81 62 161145 140 100 102 45 7 38 76 15 17 153 54 8/15, 149 12 50 115 42 33 162 75127 118 0 89 84 51 122 85 159 68 169 9/15 157 34 80 126 64 25 98 139 12811 37 21 20 166 88 167 57 5 94 40 129 155 35 26 14 52 74 92 71 41 135 79106 173 97 156 3 143 165 170 24 136 121 93 144 29 58 174 108 123 109 32168 18 90 160 4 120 164 95 39 171 46 96 141 19 27 131 47 83 82 31 77 7044 148 146 60 87 78 150 9 151 28 43 138 133 130 124 142 147 69 137 91 531 49 154 10 2 158 22 66 175 86 134 111 172 73 23 112 107 113 125 30 6 6556 104 176 177 178 179In the case of Table 51, Equation 12 may be expressed asX₀=Y_(π(0))=Y₇₂, X₁=Y_(π(1))=Y₄₈, X₂=Y_(π(2))=Y₅₅, . . . ,X₁₇₈=Y_(π(178))=Y₁₇₈, and X₁₇₉=Y_(π(179))=Y₁₇₉. Accordingly, the groupinterleaver 122 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by changing the 0^(th) group to the 72^(nd) group, the1^(st) group to the 48^(th) group, the 2^(nd) group to the 55^(th)group, . . . , the 178^(th) group to the 178^(th) group, and the179^(th) group to the 179^(th) group.

As described above, the group interleaver 122 may rearrange the order ofthe plurality of groups in group units by using Equation 12 and Tables47 to 51.

On the other hand, since the order of the groups constituting the LDPCcodeword is rearranged in group units by the group interleaver 122, andthen, the groups are block-interleaved by the block interleaver 124,which will be described below, “Order of bits groups to be blockinterleaved” is set forth in Tables 47 to 51 in relation to π(j).

When the group interleaving is performed based on tables 47 to 51 asdescribed above, the order of the groups constituting thegroup-interleaved LDPC codeword is different from that of the groupsconstituting the LDPC code group-interleaved based on tables 21 to 26.

This is because the block-row interleaver 125 is used in the presentexemplary embodiment instead of the block interleaver 124 in FIG. 4.That is, since the interleaving method used in the block interleaver 124and the interleaving method used in the block-row interleaver 125 aredifferent from each other, the group interleaver 122 of the presentexemplary embodiment rearranges the order of the plurality of groupsconstituting the LDPC codeword based on tables 47 to 51.

Specifically, the group interleaver 122 may rearrange the order of theplurality of groups in such that that an arrangement unit, in which atleast one group including bits to be mapped onto the same modulationsymbol is serially arranged in group units, is repeated.

That is, the group interleaver 122 may serially arrange one of aplurality of first groups including bits to be mapped onto a firstspecific location of each modulation symbol, one of a plurality ofsecond groups including bits to be mapped onto a second specificlocation of each modulation symbol, . . . , one of a plurality of n^(th)groups including bits to be mapped onto an n^(th) specific location ofeach modulation symbol, and may arrange the other groups repeatedly inthe same method.

The block-row interleaver 125 interleaves the plurality of groups theorder of which has been rearranged. In this case, the block-rowinterleaver 125 may interleave the plurality of groups the order ofwhich has been rearranged in group units by using at least one rowincluding a plurality of columns. This will be explained in detail belowwith reference to FIGS. 21 to 23.

FIGS. 21 to 23 are views to illustrate a configuration of a block-rowinterleaver and an interleaving method according to an exemplaryembodiment.

First, when N_(group)/m is an integer, the block-row interleaver 125includes an interleaver 125-1 including m number of rows each includingM number of columns as shown in FIG. 21, and the block-row interleaver125 may interleave by using N_(group)/m number of interleavers 125-1having the configuration of FIG. 21.

Herein, N_(group) is the total number of groups constituting an LDPCcodeword. In addition, M is the number of bits included in a singlegroup and may be 360, for example. m may be identical to the number ofbits constituting a modulation symbol or may be ½ of the number of bitsconstituting a modulation symbol. For example, when a non-uniform QAM isused, performance of the bits constituting a modulation symbol isdifferent, and thus, by setting m to be identical to the number of bitsconstituting a modulation symbol, a single group can be mapped onto asingle bit of the modulation symbol.

Specifically, the block-row interleaver 125 may interleave by writingeach of a plurality of groups constituting an LDPC codeword in each rowin the row direction in group units, and reading each column of theplurality of rows in which the plurality of groups are written in groupunits in the column direction.

For example, as shown in FIG. 21, the block-row interleaver 125 writes mnumber of continuous groups from among the plurality of groups in eachof the m number of rows of the interleaver 125-1 in the row direction,and reads each column of m number of rows in which bits are written inthe column direction. In this case, as many interleavers 125-1 as thenumber of groups divided by the number of rows, that is, N_(group)/m,may be used.

As described above, when the number of groups constituting an LDPCcodeword is an integer multiple of the number of rows, the block-rowinterleaver 125 may interleave by writing as many groups as the numberof rows from among a plurality of groups constituting the LDPC codewordserially.

On the other hand, when the number of groups constituting an LDPCcodeword is not an integer multiple of the number of rows, the block-rowinterleaver 125 interleaves by using N number of interleavers (N is aninteger greater than or equal to 2) including different number ofcolumns.

For example, as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, the block-row interleaver 125may interleave by using a first interleaver 125-2 including m number ofrows each including M number of columns, and a second interleaver 125-3including m number of rows each including a×M/m number of columns.Herein, a is N_(group)−└N_(group)/m┘×m, and └N_(group)/m┘ is the largestinteger below N_(group)/m.

In this case, the first interleaver 125-2 may be used as many as└N_(group)/m┘ and one second interleaver 125-3 may be used.

Specifically, the block-row interleaver 125 may interleave a pluralityof groups constituting an LDPC codeword by writing each of└N_(group)/m┘×m number of groups from among the plurality of groupsconstituting the LDPC codeword in each row in the row direction in groupunits, and reading each column of the plurality of rows in which└N_(group)/m┘×m number of groups are written in group units in thecolumn direction.

For example, as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, the block-row interleaver 125may write the same m number of continuous groups as the number of rowsfrom among └N_(group)/m┘×m number of groups in each row of the firstinterleaver 125-2 in the row direction, and may read each column of theplurality of rows of the first interleaver 125-2 in which m number ofgroups are written in the column direction. In this case, the firstinterleaver 125-2 having the configuration FIGS. 22 and 23 may be usedas many as └_(group)/m┘.

In addition, in the case of a system using a plurality of antennas, mmay be a product of the number of bits constituting a modulation methodand the number of antennas

Thereafter, the block-row interleaver 125 may divide bits included inthe other groups except the groups written in the first interleaver125-2, and may write these bits in each row of the second interleaver125-3 in the row direction. In this case, the same number of bits arewritten in each row of the second interleaver 125-3. That is, a singlebit group may be input to the plurality of rows of the secondinterleaver 125-3.

For example, as shown in FIG. 22, the block-row interleaver 125 maywrite a×M/m number of bits from among the bits included in the othergroups except the groups written in the first interleaver 125-2 in eachof m number of rows of the second interleaver 125-3 in the rowdirection, and may read each column of m number of rows of the secondinterleaver 125-3 in which the bits are written in the column direction.In this case, one second interleaver 125-3 having the configuration ofFIG. 22 may be used.

However, according to another exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIG. 23,the block-row interleaver 125 may write the bits in the firstinterleaver 125-2 in the same method as explained in FIG. 22, but maywrite the bits in the second interleaver 125-3 in a method differentfrom that of FIG. 22.

That is, the block-row interleaver 125 may write the bits in the secondinterleaver 125-3 in the column direction.

For example, as shown in FIG. 23, the block-row interleaver 125 maywrite the bits included in the other groups except the groups written inthe first interleaver 125-2 in each column of m number of rows eachincluding a×M/m number of columns of the second interleaver 125-3 in thecolumn direction, and may read each column of m number of rows of thesecond interleaver 125-3 in which the bits are written in the columndirection. In this case, one second interleaver 125-3 having theconfiguration of FIG. 23 may be used.

In the method shown in FIG. 23, the block-row interleaver 125interleaves by reading in the column direction after writing the bits inthe second interleaver in the column direction. Accordingly, the bitsincluded in the groups interleaved by the second interleaver are read inthe order they were written and output to the modulator 130.Accordingly, the bits included in the groups belonging to the secondinterleaver are not rearranged by the block-row interleaver 125 and maybe mapped onto the modulation symbols serially.

As described above, the block-row interleaver 125 may interleave theplurality of groups of the LDPC codeword by using the methods describedabove with reference to FIGS. 21 to 23.

According to the above-described method, the output of the block-rowinterleaver 125 may be the same as the output of the block interleaver124. Specifically, when the block-row interleaver 125 interleaves asshown in FIG. 21, the block-row interleaver 125 may output the samevalue as that of the block interleaver 124 which interleaves as shown inFIG. 8. In addition, when the block-row interleaver 125 interleaves asshown in FIG. 22, the block-row interleaver 125 may output the samevalue as that of the block interleaver 124 which interleaves as shown inFIG. 9. In addition, when the block-row interleaver 125 interleaves asshown in FIG. 23, the block-row interleaver 125 may output the samevalue as that of the block interleaver 124 which interleaves as shown inFIG. 10.

Specifically, when the group interleaver 122 is used based on Equation11 and the block interleaver 124 is used, and the output groups of thegroup interleaver 122 are Y_(i) (0≤j<N_(group)) and when the groupinterleaver 122 is used based on Equation 12 and the block-rowinterleaver 125 is used, and the output groups of the group interleaver122 are Z_(i) (0≤j<N_(group)), a relationship between the output groupsZ_(i) and Y_(i) after group interleaving may be expressed as inEquations 13 and 14, and as a result, the same value may be output fromthe block interleaver 124:Z _(i+m×j) =Y _(α×i+j)(0≤i<m,0≤j<α)  (13)Z _(i) =Y _(i)(α×m≤i<N _(group))  (14),where α is └N_(group)/m┘ and is the number of groups written in a singlecolumn of the first part when the block interleaver 124 is used, and└N_(group)/m┘ is the largest integer below N_(group)/m. Here, m isidentical to the number of bits constituting a modulation symbol or halfof the bits constituting a modulation symbol. In addition, m is thenumber of columns of the block interleaver 124 and m is the number ofrows of the block-row interleaver 125.

Accordingly, the modulator 130 may map the bits output from theblock-row interleaver 125 onto a modulation symbol in the same method aswhen the block interleaver 124 is used.

The bit interleaving method suggested in the exemplary embodiments isperformed by the parity interleaver 121, the group interleaver 122, thegroup twist interleaver 123, and the block interleaver 124 as shown inFIG. 4 (the parity interleaver 121 or group twist interleaver 123 may beomitted according to circumstances). However, this is merely an exampleand the bit interleaving method is not limited to three modules or fourmodules described above.

For example, when the block interleaver is used and the groupinterleaving method expressed as in Equation 11 is used, regarding thebit groups X_(j) (0≤j<N_(group)) defined as in Equation 9 and Equation10, bits belonging to m number of bit groups, for example, {X_(π(i)),X_(π(α+i)), . . . , X_(π((m−1)×α+i))} (0≤i<α), may constitute a singlemodulation symbol.

Herein, α is the number of bit groups constituting the first part of theblock interleaver, and α=└N_(group)/m┘. In addition, m is the number ofcolumns of the block interleaver and may be equal to the number of bitsconstituting the modulation symbol or half of the number of bitsconstituting the modulation symbol.

Therefore, for example, regarding parity-interleaved bits u_(i),{u_(π(i)+j), u_(π(α+i)+j), . . . , u_(π((m−1)×α+i)+j)} (0<i≤m, 0<j≤M)may constitute a single modulation symbol. As described above, there arevarious methods for constituting a single modulation symbol.

In addition, the bit interleaving method suggested in the exemplaryembodiments is performed by the parity interleaver 121, the groupinterleaver 122, the group twist interleaver 123, and the block-rowinterleaver 125 as shown in FIG. 20 (the group twist interleaver 123 maybe omitted according to circumstances). However, this is merely anexample and the bit interleaving method is not limited to three modulesor four modules described above.

For example, when the block-row interleaver is used and the groupinterleaving method expressed as in Equation 12 is used, regarding thebit groups X_(j) (0≤j<N_(group)) defined as in Equation 9 and Equation10, bits belonging to m number of bit groups, for example, {X_(π(m×i)),X_(π(m×i+1)), . . . , X_(π(m×i+(m−1)))} (0≤i<α), may constitute a singlemodulation symbol.

Herein, α is the number of bit groups constituting the first part of theblock interleaver, and α=└N_(group)/m┘. In addition, m is the number ofcolumns of the block interleaver and may be equal to the number of bitsconstituting the modulation symbol or half of the number of bitsconstituting the modulation symbol.

Therefore, for example, regarding parity-interleaved bits u_(i),{u_(π(m×i)+j), u_(π(m×i+1)+j), . . . , u_(π(m×i+(m−1))+j)} (0<i≤m,0<j≤M) may constitute a single modulation symbol. As described above,there are various methods for constituting a single modulation symbol.

Hereinafter, a method for determining π(j) which is a parameter used forgroup interleaving according to various exemplary embodiments will beexplained.

Hereinafter, a method for designing the group interleaver 122 of FIG. 4or 20 will be explained.

Step 1): An LDPC code set for applying group interleaving is determined(that is, the LDPC code set is expressed as a code rate and is indicatedby R₁, R₂, . . . , R_(max), and is set to satisfy a relationship ofR₁<R₂<R₃< . . . ).

For example, when a same group interleaving pattern is applied to LDPCcodes having code rates of R₁=5/15, R₂=6/15, R₃=7/15, R₄=8/15, R₅=9/15and a length of 64800, an LDPC code set having a code rate of R₁=5/15,R₂=6/15, R₃=7/15, R₄=8/15, R₅=9/15 is determined. When different groupinterleaving is applied according to each LDPC code having its ownlength and code rate, each LDPC code may be determined as an LDPC codeset.

Step 2): Regarding the LDPC code having the lowest code rate R₁ in theLDPC code set determined in step 1, mapping profiles satisfying a givencondition for a defined threshold through a theoretical performanceanalyzing method of Density Evolution and selected from profiles formapping a modulation symbol according to a degree of column of an LDPCcode is set by considering degree of reliability of bits constituting amodulation symbol.

Step 3): When mapping profiles for the LDPC code having the secondlowest code rate R₂ are obtained by selecting one of the mappingprofiles determined for the LDPC code having the lowest code rate R₁ instep 2, mapping profiles for R₂ are determined to satisfy the conditionthat the mapping profiles for R₁ is maintained to the maximum.

When mapping profiles selected for the LDPC code having the code rateR_((i+1)), the mapping profiles are determined to satisfy the conditionthat mapping profiles selected for R_(i) is maintained to the maximum(i=1, 2, . . . ).

Step 4): The process in step 3 is repeated for all code rates and thenperformance verification is performed for a plurality of finallyselected mapping profiles, and a group interleaver is determined for thebest mapping profile.

In the above-described method, the group interleaver 122 of FIG. 4 or 20may be designed.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram to illustrate a configuration of a receivingapparatus according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to FIG. 24,the receiving apparatus 2700 includes a demodulator 2710, a multiplexer2720, a deinterleaver 2730 and a decoder 2740.

The demodulator 2710 receives and demodulates a signal transmitted fromthe transmitting apparatus 100. Specifically, the demodulator 2710generates a value corresponding to an LDPC codeword by demodulating thereceived signal, and outputs the value to the multiplexer 2720. In thiscase, the demodulator 2710 may use a demodulation method correspondingto a modulation method used in the transmitting apparatus 100.

The value corresponding to the LDPC codeword may be expressed as achannel value for the received signal. There are various methods fordetermining the channel value, and for example, a method for determininga Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) value may be the method for determining thechannel value.

The LLR value is a log value for a ratio of the probability that a bittransmitted from the transmitting apparatus 100 is 0 and the probabilitythat the bit is 1. In addition, the LLR value may be a bit value whichis determined by a hard decision, or may be a representative value whichis determined according to a section to which the probability that thebit transmitted from the transmitting apparatus 100 is 0 or 1 belongs.

The multiplexer 2720 multiplexes the output value of the demodulator2710 and outputs the value to the deinterleaver 2730.

Specifically, the multiplexer 2720 is an element corresponding to ademultiplexer (not shown) provided in the transmitting apparatus 100,and performs an operation corresponding to the demultiplexer (notshown). Accordingly, when the demultiplexer (not shown) is omitted fromthe transmitting apparatus 100, the multiplexer 2720 may be omitted fromthe receiving apparatus 2700.

That is, the multiplexer 2720 converts the output value of thedemodulator 2710 into cell-to-bit and outputs an LLR value on a bitbasis.

In this case, when the demultiplexer (not shown) does not change theorder of the LDPC codeword bits as shown in FIG. 13, the multiplexer2720 may output the LLR values serially on the bit basis withoutchanging the order of the LLR values corresponding to the bits of thecell. Alternatively, the multiplexer 2720 may rearrange the order of theLLR values corresponding to the bits of the cell to perform an inverseoperation to the demultiplexing operation of the demultiplexer (notshown) based on Table 32.

The deinterleaver 2730 deinterleaves the output value of the multiplexer2720 and outputs the values to the decoder 2740.

Specifically, the deinterleaver 2730 is an element corresponding to theinterleaver 120 of the transmitting apparatus 100 and performs anoperation corresponding to the interleaver 120. That is, thedeinterleaver 2730 deinterleaves the LLR value by performing theinterleaving operation of the interleaver 120 inversely.

In this case, the deinterleaver 2730 may include elements as shown inFIGS. 25 and 27.

First, as shown in FIG. 25, the deinterleaver 2730 includes a blockdeinterleaver 2731, a group twist deinterleaver 2732, a groupdeinterleaver 2733, and a parity deinterleaver 2734, according to anexemplary embodiment.

The block deinterleaver 2731 deinterleaves the output of the multiplexer2720 and outputs a value to the group twist deinterleaver 2732.

Specifically, the block deinterleaver 2731 is an element correspondingto the block interleaver 124 provided in the transmitting apparatus 100and performs the interleaving operation of the block interleaver 124inversely.

That is, the block deinterleaver 2731 deinterleaves by using at leastone row formed of a plurality of columns, that is, by writing the LLRvalue output from the multiplexer 2720 in each row in the row directionand reading each column of the plurality of rows in which the LLR valueis written in the column direction.

In this case, when the block interleaver 124 interleaves by dividing acolumn into two parts, the block deinterleaver 2731 may deinterleave bydividing a row into two parts.

In addition, when the block interleaver 124 performs writing and readingwith respect to a group which does not belong to the first part in therow direction, the block deinterleaver 2731 may deinterleave by writingand reading a value corresponding to the group which does not belong tothe first part in the row direction.

Hereinafter, the block deinterleaver 2731 will be explained withreference to FIG. 26. However, this is merely an example and the blockdeinterleaver 2731 may be implemented in other methods.

An input LLR v_(i) (0≤i<N_(ldpc)) is written in a r_(i) row and a c_(i)column of the block deinterleaver 2431. Herein, c_(i)=(i mod N_(c)) and

${r_{i} = \left\lfloor \frac{i}{N_{c}} \right\rfloor},$

On the other hand, an output LLR q_(i) (0≤i<N_(c)×N_(r1)) is read from ac_(i) column and a r_(i) row of the first part of the blockdeinterleaver 2431. Herein,

${c_{i} = \left\lfloor \frac{i}{N_{r\; 1}} \right\rfloor},$r_(i)=(i mod N_(r1))

In addition, an output LLR q_(i)(N_(c)×N_(r1)≤i<N_(ldpc)) is read from ac_(i) column and a r_(i) row of the second part. Herein,

${c_{i} = \left\lfloor \frac{\left( {i - {N_{c} \times N_{r\; 1}}} \right)}{N_{r\; 2}} \right\rfloor},$r_(i)=N_(r1)+{(i−N_(c)×N_(r1)) mode N_(r2)}.

The group twist deinterleaver 2732 deinterleaves the output value of theblock deinterleaver 2731 and outputs the value to the groupdeinterleaver 2733.

Specifically, the group twist deinterleaver 2732 is an elementcorresponding to the group twist interleaver 123 provided in thetransmitting apparatus 100, and may perform the interleaving operationof the group twist interleaver 123 inversely.

That is, the group twist deinterleaver 2732 may rearrange the LLR valuesof the same group by changing the order of the LLR values existing inthe same group. When the group twist operation is not performed in thetransmitting apparatus 100, the group twist deinterleaver 2732 may beomitted.

The group deinterleaver 2733 (or the group-wise deinterleaver)deinterleaves an output value of the group twist deinterleaver 2732 andoutputs a value to the parity deinterleaver 2734.

Specifically, the group deinterleaver 2733 is an element correspondingto the group interleaver 122 provided in the transmitting apparatus 100and may perform the interleaving operation of the group interleaver 122inversely.

That is, the group deinterleaver 2733 may rearrange the order of theplurality of groups in group units. In this case, the groupdeinterleaver 2733 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by applying the interleaving method of Tables 21 to 26inversely according to a length of the LDPC codeword, a modulationmethod and a code rate.

As described above, in the parity check matrix having the format shownin FIGS. 2 and 3, the order of column groups is changeable and thecolumn group corresponds to a bit group. Accordingly, when the order ofcolumn groups of the parity check matrix is changed, the order of bitgroups is changed accordingly and the group deinterleaver 2733 mayrearrange the order of the plurality of groups in group units withreference to this.

The parity deinterleaver 2734 performs parity deinterleaving withrespect to an output value of the group deinterleaver 2733 and outputs avalue to the decoder 2740.

Specifically, the parity deinterleaver 2734 is an element correspondingto the parity interleaver 121 provided in the transmitting apparatus 100and may perform the interleaving operation of the parity interleaver 121inversely. That is, the parity deinterleaver 2734 may deinterleave theLLR values corresponding to the parity bits from among the LLR valuesoutput from the group deinterleaver 2733. In this case, the paritydeinterleaver 2734 may deinterleave the LLR values corresponding to theparity bits in an inverse method of the parity interleaving method ofEquation 8.

However, the parity deinterleaving is performed only when thetransmitting apparatus 100 generates the LDPC codeword using the paritycheck matrix 200 as shown in FIG. 2. The parity deinterleaver 2734 maybe omitted when the LDPC codeword is encoded based on the parity checkmatrix 300 as shown in FIG. 3. In addition, even when the LDPC codewordis generated by using the parity check matrix 200 of FIG. 2, LDPCdecoding may be performed based on the parity check matrix 300 of FIG.3. In this case, the parity deinterleaver 2734 may be omitted.

Although the deinterleaver 2730 of FIG. 24 includes three (3) or four(4) elements as shown in FIG. 25, operations of the elements may beperformed by a single element. For example, when bits each of whichbelongs to each of bit groups X_(a), X_(b), X_(c), and X_(d) constitutea single modulation symbol, the deinterleaver may deinterleave thesebits to locations corresponding to their bit groups based on thereceived single modulation symbol.

For example, when a code rate is 12/15 and a modulation method is16-QAM, the group deinterleaver 2733 may perform deinterleaving based ontable 21.

In this case, bits each of which belongs to each of bit groups X₃₅, X₃₇,X₁₆, and X₂ constitute a single modulation symbol. Since one bit in eachof the bit groups X₃₅, X₃₇, X₁₆, and X₂ constitutes a single modulationsymbol, the deinterleaver 2730 may map bits onto decoding initial valuescorresponding to the bit groups X₃₅, X₃₇, X₁₆, and X₂ based on thereceived single modulation symbol.

The deinterleaver 2730 may include a block-row deinterleaver 2735, agroup twist deinterleaver 2732, a group deinterleaver 2733 and a paritydeinterleaver 2734, as shown in FIG. 27. In this case, the group twistdeinterleaver 2732 and the parity deinterleaver 2734 perform the samefunctions as in FIG. 25, and thus, a redundant explanation is omitted.

The block-row deinterleaver 2735 deinterleaves an output value of themultiplexer 2720 and outputs a value to the group twist deinterleaver2732.

Specifically, the block-row deinterleaver 2735 is an elementcorresponding to the block-row interleaver 125 provided in thetransmitting apparatus 100 and may perform the interleaving operation ofthe block-row interleaver 125 inversely.

That is, the block-row deinterleaver 2735 may deinterleave by using atleast one column formed of a plurality of rows, that is, by writing theLLR values output from the multiplexer 2720 in each column in the columndirection and reading each row of the plurality of columns in which theLLR value is written in the column direction.

However, when the block-row interleaver 125 performs writing and readingwith respect to a group which does not belong to the first part in thecolumn direction, the block-row deinterleaver 2735 may deinterleave bywriting and reading a value corresponding to the group which does notbelong to the first part in the column direction.

The group deinterleaver 2733 deinterleaves the output value of the grouptwist deinterleaver 2732 and outputs the value to the paritydeinterleaver 2734.

Specifically, the group deinterleaver 2733 is an element correspondingto the group interleaver 122 provided in the transmitting apparatus 100and may perform the interleaving operation of the group interleaver 122inversely.

That is, the group deinterleaver 2733 may rearrange the order of theplurality of groups in group units. In this case, the groupdeinterleaver 2733 may rearrange the order of the plurality of groups ingroup units by applying the interleaving method of Tables 47 to 51inversely according to a length of the LDPC codeword, a modulationmethod and a code rate.

Although the deinterleaver 2730 of FIG. 24 includes three (3) or four(4) elements as shown in FIG. 27, operations of the elements may beperformed by a single element. For example, when bits each of whichbelongs to each of bit groups X_(a), X_(b), X_(c), and X_(d) constitutea single modulation symbol, the deinterleaver 2730 may deinterleavethese bits to locations corresponding to their bit groups based on thereceived single modulation symbol.

The decoder 2740 may perform LDPC decoding by using the output value ofthe deinterleaver 2730. To achieve this, the decoder 2740 may include aseparate LDPC decoder (not shown) to perform the LDPC decoding.

Specifically, the decoder 2740 is an element corresponding to theencoder 110 of the transmitting apparatus 200 and may correct an errorby performing the LDPC decoding by using the LLR value output from thedeinterleaver 2730.

For example, the decoder 2740 may perform the LDPC decoding in aniterative decoding method based on a sum-product algorithm. Thesum-product algorithm is one example of a message passing algorithm, andthe message passing algorithm refers to an algorithm which exchangesmessages (e.g., LLR value) through an edge on a bipartite graph,calculates an output message from messages input to variable nodes orcheck nodes, and updates.

The decoder 2740 may use a parity check matrix when performing the LDPCdecoding. In this case, an information word submatrix in the paritycheck matrix is defined as in Tables 4 to 20 according to a code rateand a length of the LDPC codeword, and a parity submatrix may have adual diagonal configuration.

In addition, information on the parity check matrix and information onthe code rate, etc. which are used in the LDPC decoding may bepre-stored in the receiving apparatus 2700 or may be provided by thetransmitting apparatus 100.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart to illustrate a signal processing methodaccording to an exemplary embodiment.

First of all, an LDPC codeword is generated by performing LDPC encoding(S3010).

Subsequently, the LDPC codeword is interleaved (S3020). In this case,using a plurality of columns including a plurality of rows respectively,the plurality of columns may be divided into two parts, and the LDPCcodeword may be interleaved.

A modulation symbol is generated by modulating the LDPC codeword whichis interleaved according to a modulation method (S3030).

Meanwhile, in S3020, the plurality of columns may be divided into afirst part and a second part, and the interleaving may be performed asthe LDPC codeword is written and read using the same method in the firstpart and the second part. To be specific, the interleaving may beperformed by writing the LDPC codeword in a plurality of columnsconstituting each of the first part and the second part in a columndirection and reading a plurality of columns constituting each of thefirst part and the second part where the LDPC codeword is written in arow direction.

In addition, in S3020, a plurality of columns may be divided into thefirst part and the second part based on the number of columns.

Herein, the first part may be formed of as many rows as the number ofbits included in at least one group which can be written in each columnin group units from among the plurality of groups of the LDPC codeword,according to the number of columns constituting the block interleaver124 and the number of bits constituting each of the plurality of groups.The second part may be formed of rows excluding as many rows as thenumber of bits included in at least some groups which can be written ineach of the plurality of columns in group units.

Meanwhile, the number of columns may be determined according to amodulation method.

In addition, in S3020, the interleaving may be performed as at leastsome groups which can be written in each group of the plurality ofcolumns in group units are written in each of the plurality of columnsconstituting the first part in a column direction, the groups excludingthe at least some groups from among the plurality of groups are dividedand written in each of the plurality of columns constituting the secondpart in a column direction, and the bits written in each of theplurality of columns consisting each of the first part and the secondpart are read in a row direction.

Herein, the groups excluding the at least some groups from among theplurality of groups may be divided based on the number of columns.

Meanwhile, the step of dividing the LDPC codeword into the plurality ofgroups and rearranging the order of the plurality of groups in groupunits may be further included. In this case, in S3020, the plurality ofgroups of which order is rearranged may be interleaved.

In this case, in S3030, a modulation symbol may be generated using bitsincluded in each of the plurality of groups.

A non-transitory computer readable medium, which stores a program forperforming the above signal processing methods according to variousexemplary embodiments in sequence, may be provided.

The non-transitory computer readable medium refers to a medium thatstores data semi-permanently rather than storing data for a very shorttime, such as a register, a cache, and a memory, and is readable by anapparatus. Specifically, the above-described various applications orprograms may be stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium suchas a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a hard disk, aBlu-ray disk, a universal serial bus (USB), a memory card, and a readonly memory (ROM), and may be provided.

Components, elements or units represented by a block as illustrated inFIGS. 1, 4, 12, 13, 23 and 27-29 may be embodied as the various numbersof hardware, software and/or firmware structures that execute respectivefunctions described above, according to exemplary embodiments. Forexample, these components, elements or units may use a direct circuitstructure, such as a memory, processing, logic, a look-up table, etc.that may execute the respective functions through controls of one ormore microprocessors or other control apparatuses. These components,elements or units may be specifically embodied by a module, a program,or a part of code, which contains one or more executable instructionsfor performing specified logic functions. Also, at least one of theabove components, elements or units may further include a processor suchas a central processing unit (CPU) that performs the respectivefunctions, a microprocessor, or the like.

Although a bus is not illustrated in the block diagrams of thetransmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus, communication may beperformed between each element of each apparatus via the bus. Inaddition, each apparatus may further include a processor such as aCentral Processing Unit (CPU) or a microprocessor to perform theabove-described various operations.

The foregoing exemplary embodiments and advantages are merely exemplaryand are not to be construed as limiting the present inventive concept.The exemplary embodiments can be readily applied to other types ofapparatuses. Also, the description of the exemplary embodiments isintended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the inventiveconcept, and many alternatives, modifications, and variations will beapparent to those skilled in the art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A broadcast signal transmitting method of atransmitting apparatus comprising: encoding input bits to generateparity bits based on a low density parity check (LDPC) code; splitting acodeword comprising the input bits and the parity bits into bit groups;interleaving the bit groups based on a predetermined interleaving order,wherein the predetermined interleaving order is obtained based on a coderate of the LDPC code; writing bits of the interleaved bit groups tocolumns, each of the columns comprising a first part and a second part;reading the written bits from the columns; mapping the read bits toconstellation points which are based on a modulation method; generatinga broadcast signal based on the constellation points using orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme; and transmitting thebroadcast signal to a receiving apparatus, wherein the modulation methodis one of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), quadrature amplitudemodulation (QAM), 64-QAM and 256-QAM, wherein at least one first bitgroup of the interleaved bit groups is interleaved in the first part andat least one second bit group of the interleaved bit groups isinterleaved in the second part, and wherein the each of the columns isdivided into the first part and the second part based on the modulationmethod for the mapping and a number of the bit groups.
 2. The broadcastsignal transmitting method of claim 1, wherein each of the bit groupscomprises 360 bits.
 3. The broadcast signal transmitting method of claim1, further comprising: interleaving the parity bits; and splitting acodeword comprising the input bits and the interleaved parity bits intobit groups.
 4. The broadcast signal transmitting method of claim 1,wherein a length of the codeword is
 16200. 5. A receiving methodcomprising: demodulating a broadcast signal received from a transmittingapparatus to generate values; deinterleaving the generated values bywriting the generated values to columns and reading the written valuesfrom the columns; splitting the deinterleaved values into groups;deinterleaving the groups; and decoding values of the deinterleavedgroups based on a low density parity check (LDPC) code to generateoutput bits corresponding to the broadcast signal, wherein the signal isdemodulated based on a modulation method, the modulation method beingone of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), quadrature amplitudemodulation (QAM), 64-QAM and 256-QAM, wherein each of the columnscomprises a first part and a second part, and wherein the each of thecolumns is divided into the first part and the second part based on themodulation method and a number of the groups.
 6. The receiving method ofclaim 5, wherein each of the groups comprises 360 values.
 7. Thereceiving method of claim 5, wherein values written in a row of thecolumns correspond to bits transmitted to the receiving apparatusthrough a constellation point.